China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Supported liquid membrane technology in the removal and recovery of toxic ions from water
Published in Alberto Figoli, Jan Hoinkis, Jochen Bundschuh, Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment: Removal of Toxic Trace Elements with Emphasis on Arsenic, Fluoride and Uranium, 2016
Raffaele Molinari, Pietro Argurio
ELMs are characterized by a large surface area per unit source phase volume, which enhances the transport rate of this membrane. They are usually described as a bubble inside a bubble contained in the feed phase, where the inner bubble is the strip phase, closed by the LM membrane phase (Ahmad et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2010). Their preparation usually involves two steps (Fig. 9.1): (i) emulsion formation, in which a stable water-in-oil emulsion is formed between an aqueous stripping phase and an organic LM phase, which can contain an extractant together with a surfactant to stabilize the emulsion droplets; (ii) emulsion dispersion into a continuous third phase (an aqueous feed phase) by agitation. The most important limitation of ELMs is the low emulsion stability, so that if for any reason, the membrane does not remain intact during operation, the separation achieved to that point is destroyed. Thus, ELMs are not technologically attractive.
Non-aqueous nanoemulsions as a new strategy for topical application of astaxanthin
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
ASX-NANE were prepared by hot high-pressure homogenization technique, according to the procedure previously described.[21] In brief, soybean lecithin (4 g) and Tween 80 (2 g) were added to the oil phases, consisting of ODO (6 g) and astaxanthin oleoresin (5 g). For the sake of effective dissolution, the mixtures were heated and stirred for 10 min under a controlled temperature of 65 °C, forming a clear homogeneous phase. Then, glycerol (83 g) was added at the same temperature. The resulting solution was further dispersed using a conventional homogenizer (T25, IKA, Germany) at 10000 rpm for 1 min. Subsequently, the coarse emulsion dispersion was homogenized by a high-pressure homogenizer (AH100D, ATS, China) using four homogenization cycles at 80 MPa. In the end, the final nanoemulsions dispersion was cooled down to room temperature spontaneously and stored at 4 °C for further research.
Combustion and emissions of a glycerol-biodiesel emulsion fuel in a medium-speed engine
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2019
Scott J. Eaton, Travis T. Wallace, Brendyn G. Sarnacki, Thomas Lokocz Adams, Richard W. Kimball, Joshua A. Henry, George N. Harakas
The emulsion droplet size distribution was determined using a centrifugal dispersion analyzer (LUMiSizer 610) manufactured by LUM Americas (Boulder, CO). An 865 nm wavelength light source is used to monitor emulsion dispersion and fuel opacity along the length of 100 mm long cuvette with an optical path of 2.2 mm as a function of time. The fuel sample was centrifuged at 1,000 rpm during analysis, which lasts 1 hr. The resulting centrifugal force accelerates the emulsion sedimentation time and the resulting optical dispersion is correlated to droplet size using Stokes Law. The resulting particle size distribution exhibits a tight distribution as shown in Figure 1 with a resulting 10–90% ranges from 3.4 to 4.7 microns with a mean of 4.3 microns. Droplet size range is similar to droplet sizes reported by Eaton et al. (2014) for glycerol-diesel emulsions produced batch-wise by ultrasonic processing and analysed using laser diffraction.
Phase change materials, their synthesis and application in textiles—a review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Kashif Iqbal, Asfandyar Khan, Danmei Sun, Munir Ashraf, Abdur Rehman, Faiza Safdar, Abdul Basit, Hafiz Shahzad Maqsood
The most suitable techniques among chemical methods are interfacial polymerization, suspension polymerization, and in-situ polymerization while in physico-chemical methods complex or simple coacervation techniques are adapted (Borreguero et al., 2011; Hawlader, Uddin, & Khin, 2003; Hawlader, Uddin, & Zhu, 2000; Teixeira, Andrade, Farina, & Rocha-Leão, 2004). Generally, in all these techniques, microencapsulation comprised of two steps as follows: Step I: emulsification, which affects the particle size and its size distribution. Stirring speed, interfacial tension, volumetric ratio, and chemistry of the two phases can influence the emulsification step.Step II: capsule formation. The type and amount of surfactant can greatly affect capsule formation, the emulsion dispersion stability, and the microcapsule particle size. The reaction or crosslinking ability of monomer or prepolymer governs the formation of capsule particle (Loxley & Vincent, 1998; Salaün, Devaux, Bourbigot, & Rumeau, 2008; Sánchez, Sánchez, de Lucas, Carmona, & Rodríguez, 2007; Sundberg & Sundberg, 1993).