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Whole Effluent Toxicity Test for Ambient Water Monitoring
Published in Ederio Dino Bidoia, Renato Nallin Montagnolli, Biodegradation, Pollutants and Bioremediation Principles, 2021
Among the water parameters, pH and DO were measured on-site by pH meter (pH/ COND ME’1ER D-54, HORIBA) and DO meter (ProODO, YSI), respectively. In the laboratory, electrical conductivity (EC) were measured by pH/EC meter (pH/COND ME’1ER D-54, HORIBA). Metals in the samples were determined as follows—50 mL of filtered sample was mixed with 5 mL nitric acid (EL grade, Kantokagaku, Japan) in a metal-free PP tube (DigiTUBE5, SCP Science). The mixture was digested on a hot-plate (DigPREP, SCP Science) by wet digestion method. The digested sample was made up to 50 mL by adding ultrapure water (Milli-Q), and then analyzed by ICP-MS (Agilent 7700e, Agilent Technologies).
Novel semi-decentralised mobile system for the sanitization and dehydration of septic sludge
Published in Eva Kocbek, A Novel Approach to Sludge Treatment using Microwave Technology, 2021
The samples, as described in Figure 43, were collected in polyethylene bottles tightly sealed with a cap, then stored in a refrigerator. The reservoirs containing sludge at low DS concentrations (such as the raw SS reservoir) were well mixed before sampling with either an air or a recirculation pump, carried out to reduce the possibility of solids settling and, thus, allowing to obtain a representative sample. The reservoirs containing sludge at high DS concentrations (such as the dewatered SS reservoir) were mixed manually before sampling. The sludge samples were taken approximately one hour after each particular individual treatment process was initiated, then were properly preserved to allow for the specific physical-chemical parameters to be determined. The physical-chemical characteristics of the collected samples were analysed to determine the levels of DS, volatile solids (VS), E. coli, chemical oxygen demand (COD), soluble COD (sCOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), PO43−, NH4+, potassium (K), heavy metals (chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), and Mercury (Hg), and elemental analysis including the following elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O). The analytical determinations were carried out at an external laboratory in Jordan (NaraTech LABs, Amman, Jordan), with the samples analysed within two days of sample collection. Approximately, nine samples were collected for each batch (i.e., 27 samples in total). Table 7 describes the different analytical determinations carried out on the different samples, while the methods conducted for the analytical determinations are shown in Table 8. The pH and the electrical conductivity (EC) of the samples were analysed immediately after the samples were taken using a portable pH (ProfiLine pH 3110, WTW, Germany) and an EC meter (GMH 3430, Greisinger, Germany). The final DS concentration of the dried sludge was calculated by determining the mass change of the samples (as they were being dried in the MW unit). The mass was measured using a single point-cell (scale) installed within the MW cavities. The higher heating value (HHV), or gross energy, was calculated from the elemental composition of the sludge as per Friedl et al. (2005). All the results were reported in consideration of the average values and standard deviations from the three different batches. Each SS batch required two days to be fully processed, thus, each batch corresponded to two days of system operation. The following physical-chemical parameters (E. coli, TP, and PO43−) were calculated by conducting mass balances (i.e., those parameters were not analysed).
Evaluation of groundwater quality with special emphasis on fluoride contamination using multivariate statistical analysis in rural parts of Surat district, Gujarat
Published in ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2020
Mayuri Prajapati, Namrata Jariwala, Prasit Agnihotri
Eighty-two groundwater samples are collected in pre-monsoon (PRM) period i.e. from January to June 2015. Portable pH meter, temperature, and EC meter are used after sampling for determining Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), temperature and electrical conductivity (EC). The ground water samples collected are further analyzed for nine different parameters such as Total alkalinity (TH), Fluoride (F−), Nitrate (NO3−), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Chloride (Cl−), Sulfate (SO42−), Total hardness(TH), Calcium hardness and Magnesium hardness, using standard techniques of APHA (1995). The water from these bore wells or hand pumps were used for drinking, household’s utilities and bathing by the residents and public drinking water sources. The chemical analysis results were compared with BIS: 10,500 (2012) and WHO (1984) standards to determine the suitability for drinking purpose.