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Antarctic Marine Biodiversity: Adaptations, Environments and Responses to Change
Published in S. J. Hawkins, A. J. Evans, A. C. Dale, L. B. Firth, I. P. Smith, Oceanography and Marine Biology, 2018
Temperatures of water masses vary regionally and with depth. In the Ross Sea, possibly the coldest inhabited large water mass on Earth, winter temperatures are close to the freezing point of seawater (−1.86°C) in the water column. Temperatures can be even lower than this where salinity is raised during freezing events either associated with sea ice or ice growing on the seabed close to land. In summer, temperatures in shallow water only rise to around −1.5°C (Orsi & Wiederwohl 2009). At depths below around 500 m in the Ross Sea, water temperatures are higher, up to around +1.5°C, as this is the depth that circumpolar deep water (CDW) intrudes to in this region. Circumpolar deep water is a large relatively warm saline water mass that occupies mid-water depths of the Antarctic circumpolar current. It is characteristically 2–4°C warmer than surface waters and is split into upper circumpolar deep water (UCDW) and lower circumpolar deep water (LCDW) by oceanographers.
Estimates of methane emissions from the Southern Ocean from quasi-continuous underway measurements of the partial pressure of methane in surface seawater during the 2012/13 austral summer
Published in Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2018
Oanh Thi Ngoc Bui, Sohiko Kameyama, Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue, Masao Ishii, Daisuke Sasano, Hiroshi Uchida, Urumu Tsunogai
A major dynamic feature of the Southern Ocean is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), which flows eastward around Antarctica and mixes with the various water masses along its path (Callahan, 1972; Georgi, 1981). The most voluminous water mass is Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), which is carried around Antarctica by the ACC (Whitworth and Nowlin, 1987). Near Antarctica, CDW moves upward through the water column from north to south, approximately along the equal density surface, and mixes at the shelf break with shelf waters (Locarnini, 1994).