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Chemical Potential of Ideal Fermi and Bose Gases
Published in Kavati Venkateswarlu, Engineering Thermodynamics, 2020
Rudolf Clausius (1822–1888) in 1865 published The Mechanical Theory of Heat, in which he proposed that the principles of thermochemistry (e.g., heat evolved in combustion reactions) can conveniently be applied to principles of thermodynamics. Founded by the work of Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903), during 1973–1976, established the relations for the evaluation of thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions and their tendencies of occurrence. For his pioneering contributions, Gibbs is recognized as the father of chemical thermodynamics. His contributions led to the development of a unified body of thermodynamic theorems based on the principles introduced by others such as Sadi Carnot and Clausius. Chemical thermodynamics deals with the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state under the limitations of the laws of thermodynamics. It applies mathematical methods to solve the chemical questions and evaluates various thermodynamic properties by using laboratory measurements.
Creep Models of Nanocomposites Deterministic Approach
Published in Leo Razdolsky, Phenomenological Creep Models of Composites and Nanomaterials, 2019
Chemical thermodynamics is a branch of physical chemistry, in which thermodynamic methods (general thermodynamics) are used for analysis of chemical and physicochemical phenomena: chemical reactions, phase transitions and processes in solutions. Chemical thermodynamics uses for calculations parameters that are known from experience—data about the initial and final state of the system and the conditions under which chemical process is evolving (temperature, pressure, etc.). Consequently, chemical energy is an integral part of the general Gibbs theory (and hence the integral creep equation), for example, in the case of the creation of nanocomposites materials (the ‘nucleation and growth of clusters’) by the synthesis of chemical elements or by an autocatalytic chemical reaction. Many of nanochemical processes can be described (at least in engineering applications) as a first order chemical reaction, except for autocatalytic reactions. Autocatalysis is the process of catalytic acceleration of a chemical reaction by one of its products. The kinetic curve of the product of the autocatalytic reaction has a characteristic S-shape. The rate of these equations for autocatalytic reactions are fundamentally nonlinear. There are many methods for Measurement of Reaction Rates: one might monitor the concentrations; the total volume or pressure if these are related in a simple way to the concentrations. Whatever the method, the result is usually something like that illustrated in Fig. 4.3.
2 Synthesis
Published in Yi Long, Yanfeng Gao, Vanadium Dioxide-Based Thermochromic Smart Windows, 2021
Shancheng Wang, Dimitra Vernardou, Charalampos Drosos, Yi Long
An APCVD reaction is governed by both kinetics and thermodynamics. Kinetics defines the chemical reactions with respect to the reaction rates, effect of various variables, rearrangement of atoms, formation of intermediate species, etc. On the other hand, thermodynamics is the driving force that shows the direction the reaction is going to continue. Chemical thermodynamics is concerned with the interrelation of various forms of energy and the transfer of energy from one chemical system to another under the first and second laws of thermodynamics. In the case of APCVD, this transfer occurs when gaseous compounds are introduced into the reaction chamber.
Study on foam extinguishing agent based on mixed system of branched short-chain fluorocarbon anionic and hydrocarbon cationic surfactants
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Yawen Yang, Jiaqing Fang, Min Sha, Ding Zhang, Renming Pan, Biao Jiang
Table 4 was the surface tension, h0, h5 and R5 formulations for three kinds of aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents. Figure S4（Supporting Information）was the histogram of h0, h5 and R5 of foam extinguishing agents. It could be seen from Table 4 that the surface tension of F-3 was the highest and the surface tension of F-2 was the lowest. According to the definition and calculation of the spreading coefficient S, when the S was greater than zero, the foam solution could spread on the liquid fuel (n-heptane and cyclohexane, etc) surface. The fuel used in this work was cyclohexane. The surface tension test results revealed the surface tension of cyclohexane was 25.244 mN/m, and the interfacial tension between the foam solution and cyclohexane was less than 2 mN/m, while the surface tension of F-1 was 24.9 mN/m and the surface tension of F-3 was 27.23 mN/m, so F-1 and F-3 could not spread on the surface of cyclohexane. The essence of AFFF was the spreading of foam solution on the oil surface. Therefore, spread was a prerequisite for fire extinguishing. From the point of view of chemical thermodynamics, the spreading condition must be satisfied for spreading the foam solution on oil surface, that was, the spreading coefficient was greater than zero.[42] According to Table 4 and Figure S4 (Supporting Information), three kinds of AFFF had good foaming and foam stability.
Wilhelm Ostwald's Pedagogy: An Analysis of the Nobel Prize Nomination Letters
Published in Ambix, 2022
Letícia Dos Santos Pereira, Olival Freire Júnior, Gisela Boeck
Other nominators shared institutions and scientific interests with Ostwald, such as the professor of technological chemistry Maximilian von Glasenapp (1841–1923), who worked with Ostwald at Riga Polytechnic School.21 While writing the second volume of his Lehrbuch, Ostwald came across van ‘t Hoff’s work on chemical thermodynamics. Later, Ostwald invited him to be co-editor of the Zeitschrift.22 They became close friends and maintained a lively correspondence until van ‘t Hoff's death in 1911. Hans Landolt (1831–1910), also a physical chemist and Ostwald's friend, joined Ostwald on the International Committee on Atomic Weights, as well as the pharmacist and botanist Hermann Thoms (1859–1931), a professor at the University of Berlin and founding member of the German Pharmaceutical Society.23
Optimization of gas production and efficiency of supercritical glycerol gasification using response surface methodology
Published in Biofuels, 2018
Ibtissem Houcinat, Nawel Outili, Abdesslam Hassen Meniai
Many experiments have examined the effect of different operating conditions on gasification in supercritical water, such as temperature [27], initial concentration [15], pressure [20,25], residence time [30], the presence of a catalyst [27,31], and the type of biomass [32]. The majority of these studies were carried out in tubular reactors [15,16], with different catalyzed beds and batch reactors. These reactors were generally micro-reactors [22], the reason for which many mathematical models were developed to understand through computer experiments the process taking place in the reactor, particularly the effects of the above-cited key parameters on the overall performance. These models mainly involve chemical thermodynamics and kinetics, process stimulation, and computer fluid dynamics (CFD) [33], and that is where the present work fits in.