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Removal of boron and arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange
Published in Jochen Bundschuh, Barbara Tomaszewska, Geothermal Water Management, 2018
Nalan Kabay, İdil Y. Ipek, Pelin K. Yilmaz, Saba Samatya, Marek Bryjak, Kazuharu Yoshizuka, S. Ali Tuncel, Ümran Yükel, Mithat Yüksel
Boron has a marked effect on plants in terms of both nutrition and toxicity, and its over-dose or under-dose may cause toxicity or deficiency symptoms, respectively (Fujita et al., 2005; Kabay et al., 2015; Yoshizuka et al., 2010a). Boron deficiency will result in poor budding, excessive branching, and in general inhibits plant growth. A minimum boron concentration in irrigation water is required for certain metabolic activities of plants. A boron concentration in irrigation water which is only slightly higher than the minimum, has a negative impact on plant growth and causes boron poisoning, signified by yellowish spots on the leaves and the fruit, accelerated decay, and ultimately, plant expiration (Kabay et al., 2015; Nadav, 1999). In geothermal fields, boron could be a problem if the geothermal brine is discharged to the environment without any treatment (Badruk et al., 1999a, 1999b; Kabay et al., 2015; Kluczka et al., 2007; Okay et al., 1985; Recepoglu and Beker, 1991; Waggott et al., 1996).
Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Stress in Crop Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Himanshu Bariya, Durgesh Nandini, Ashish Patel
Boron-deficient plants exhibit various noticeable symptoms in their vegetative and reproductive organs. The scarcity of boron firstly reduces the elongation of growing points due to limited cell wall deposition and then induces necrosis of these tissues due to cell death. This negative effect directly results in root growth, particularly the lateral roots (Mei et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2014). Boron deficiency also reduces growth in the aerial parts, such as the plant height and leaf area (Möttönen et al., 2001; Wojcik et al., 2008). If B deficiency lasts for many years, it results in the underdeveloped appearance of trees. In some forest trees, long-term B deficiency can reduce the quality and utility of the wood. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), for example, can grow normally for the first 3 years and then experience dieback under low B conditions (Vail et al., 1961). Similar symptoms of dieback are observed in many tree species. When grape (V. vinifera) was cultured under low B conditions, diffuse yellowing of the young leaves, brownish areas of the apical tendrils, and cupping of the third and fourth leaves from the shoot tips were observed in the early stage. Over time, the leaves became more cupped and chlorotic, and the tendrils developed transverse cracks and necrosis (Scott and Schrader, 1947). Mulberry (Morus alba), whose leaves are used to feed silkworms, changed to cup-shaped leaves with bent and cracked veins under B limitation (Tewari et al., 2010). In addition, compared to vegetative growth, reproductive growth, especially flowering, fruit set, and yield, is more sensitive to low B (Dell and Huang, 1997). In grape, flower and fruit cluster necrosis and small “shot berries” that are round to pumpkin shaped often appear due to B starvation (Christensen et al., 2006). The papaya (Carica papaya) fruit is often affected by B deficiency with latex secretion and deformity (Wang and Ko, 1975). Usually, milky latex secretion appears on the fruit surface at the early stage, after which the milky latex becomes brown. Finally, the fruit surface becomes rough and deformed (Wang and Ko, 1975).
Boron inhibits aluminum-induced toxicity to citrus by stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2018
Lei Yan, Muhammad Riaz, Xiuwen Wu, Chenqing Du, Yalin Liu, Bo Lv, Cuncang Jiang
It was observed that there was no obvious difference in root elongation of trifoliate orange rootstock in the first 7 days between the boron-deficiency and boron sufficient in the absence of aluminum (Figure 1a). The addition of aluminum has a detrimental effect on the root elongation and the inhibition was pronounced in + Al − B plants. Interestingly, after 21 days, the root length in + Al + B plants started to be greater than that − Al − B treatment (Figure 1a). Root elongation was inhibited by aluminum toxicity and relative root elongation in − Al roots was higher than that + Al roots. Boron application noticeably enhanced the root growth as compared to plant submitted to Al stress without B application (Figure 1b). Cell membrane permeability can be expressed by the conductivity of the electrolyte leakage rate. In the absence of aluminum, boron-deficiency increased the root relative conductivity but there was no significant difference between with or without boron treatment. The root relative conductivity was severely affected by the + Al treatment and the effects were more pronounced in − B roots. Boron application reduced the relative conductivity under aluminum toxicity (Figure 1c).