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Antarctic Marine Biodiversity: Adaptations, Environments and Responses to Change
Published in S. J. Hawkins, A. J. Evans, A. C. Dale, L. B. Firth, I. P. Smith, Oceanography and Marine Biology, 2018
The minimum and maximum extent of sea ice around Antarctica vary markedly between years. In the last 30–40 years, the satellite era, Antarctic sea ice in a typical year has varied from a minimum of around 3 × 106 km2 to a maximum around 18 × 106 km2 (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/sea_ice_south.php). The largest maximum extent was 20.1 × 106 km2, which was reached in September 2014. The growth and recession of around 15 × 106 km2 of sea ice annually has a dramatic effect on the seasonality of the ocean beneath. Sea ice reduces the amount of light penetrating into the water column and reduces mixing due to wind.
A new Arctic MSS model derived from combined Cryosat-2 and ICESat observations
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2022
Guodong Chen, Zhijie Zhang, Stine Kildegaard Rose, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Shengjun Zhang, Taoyong Jin
ICESat-2 altimetry, Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image and Earth Gravitational Model (EGM2008) are also used in this paper. As the successor of ICESat, ICESat-2 was launched on September 15th, 2018. With a photon-counting laser altimeter on board, ICESat-2 collects high-resolution height observations from 88°S to 88°N. ICESat-2 Arctic/Antarctic sea ice elevation product, ATL07, is used in Section 4.3 to validate the accuracy of Arctic MSS models. MODIS is a remote sensing instrument that acquires images of the Earth’s surface in 36 spectral bands, which was on board Aqua and Terra satellites. The 250 m resolution radiance images collected by MODIS are used in Section 3.1 to visually distinguish open leads. EGM2008 is a widely used global geoid model. It is a spherical harmonic model that was completed to degree 2159 and order 2159. This model is used as the reference surface during MSS construction in this study.