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Mathematical Modeling for Advanced PHA Biosynthesis
Published in Martin Koller, The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 2020
Predrag Horvat, Martin Koller, Gerhart Braunegg
Respecting the high number of microbial species that produce PHA of various compositions, different polyester synthases were isolated and characterized. Their biocatalytic function is that of an acyltransferase, hence, it transfers acyl-groups. In the special case of PHB homopolyester biosynthesis, the following reaction can be defined: (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+[(R)-3- hydroxybutanoate](n)→[(R)-3- hydroxybutanoate](n+1)+CoA
Assessing the potential of nutrient deficiency for enhancement of biodiesel production in algal resources
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Maria Hasnain, Zainul Abideen, Saud Hashmi, Shagufta Naz, Neelma Munir
Under optimum nutrient levels lipid contents were observed as given below: 48% in Oedogonium sp., 56% in Ulothrix sp., 51% in Cladophora sp. and 47% in Spirogyra sp. The lipid content was increased (as compared to control) by 75% in Oedogonium sp., 83% in Ulothrix sp., 78% in Cladophora sp. and 73% in Spirogyra sp. (Table 2). Nitrogen deficiency declines the cellular contents of the thylakoid membranes, activates acyl hydrolase activity, diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, and stimulates the phospholipid levels, which ultimately increases the fatty acid acyl-CoA contents [76]. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase converts the fatty acids from acyl-CoA to diacyl glyceride to form triacylglycerides. Supply of phosphate along with nitrate also regulates the synthesis rate of phospholipids [77].
Transcriptome analysis of Takifugu obscurus liver in response to acute retene exposure
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Shulun Jiang, Di-an Fang, Dongpo Xu
In the glycerophosphate and glycerolipid pathways, acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), and lipin (LPIN) are three important gene families that play irreplaceable roles in lipid metabolism.[40] Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial (GPAM), a member of the GPAT family, acts as a catalyst in the first step of triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis. It also regulates glycerol and fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissues,[41,42] thus playing a major role in animal lipometabolism-related pathways.[43] This process is regulated by hormones and influenced by external environmental factors.[44] In this study, GPAM was significantly upregulated 4.25 times in response to RET exposure (Table A3). Activation of GPAM can promote the expression of the downstream AGPAT genes (including AGPAT1, 3, 5, 6, and 9), thereby triggering triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis.[45] Consistently in this report, AGPAT3 (25 folds), AGPAT5 (3.6 folds), and AGPAT9 (3 folds) were significantly upregulated in response to RET treatment (Table A3). AGPAT enzymes (EC 2.3.1.51) catalyze acylation during the second step of the glycerophosphate pathway,[46] mainly in the liver, heart, and brain.[47] The results described above indicate that lipid metablism is activated after treatment with RET. As previsouly reported, AGPAT genes contribute to permeability barrier formation in rat skin.[48] RET adversely affects fish skins,[49] but this study indicates that upregulation of GPAM and the subsequent AGPAT genes in T. obscurus helps repair the skin permeability barrier damaged by RET.