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Functional Metagenomics
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
Kripa Pancholi, Anupama Shrivastav
Mobile genetic elements allow the mobility of DNA, and when the mobility of DNA chunks is intracellular, they are called transposons. Transposons are DNA sequences that move from one location to another location in the genome. Such a transposable DNA sequence is called transposons. This intracellular mobility is gained through transformation or transduction. The transposons are able to transpose the genome, but are not able to undergo conjugational transfer. Perhaps, transposons of the conjugative elements can be transferred to a whole new host with the help of transformation and this transposable element can be trapped through different methods (Partridge et al. 2018). The vector selected here should have the target site of transposons in a bunch of strains. The activation of the silent gene and the inactivation of the lethal gene results in a change of phenotype that helps in the detection of transposition, and after the transposition, the vector having this element is isolated. DNA sequencing and functional analysis along with transposons trapping allow the isolation of new mobile functional elements having antibiotic resistance genes. This method is used in metagenomics by forming libraries in host or vector. And later, it is transformed to an appropriate host through transposons vector along with screening to deactivate the target.
Genetic Engineering in Improving the Output of Algal Biorefinery
Published in Shashi Kant Bhatia, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Yogita Sharma, Ameesh Dev Singh, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Gajendra Pal Singh, Chandra Pal Singh, Antonio Molino
RNA interference (RNAi), microRNAs (miRNAs), and transposons-mediated gene silencing are some of the earliest genome-editing approaches based on post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR) that have been studied in the green model alga C. reinhardtii (Wu-Scharf et al., 2000; Cerutti et al., 1997; Zhao et al., 2007; Molnár et al., 2007). RNAi is based on reverse genetics by targeting complementary mRNA or gene sequences, and silencing them (Fire et al., 1998). Deng et al. (2013) studied the mRNA levels of the Chlamydomonas citrate synthase (CrCIS) gene. RNAi-mediated gene silencing was conducted to determine the effect of CrCIS suppression on TAG biosynthesis. Similarly, in P. tricornutum, the effect of RNAi on nitrate reductase in lipid biosynthesis was studied by Levitan et al. (2015). Transposons are mobile DNA elements, which have been used as genetic tools for transgenesis and insertional mutagenesis in a wide range of hosts (Munoz-Lopez and Garcia-Perez, 2010; Qin et al., 2012). Artificial transposons are designed from the essential elements of naturally occurring transposons for genetic manipulation. The transposition quality of artificial transposons enabling their integration is exploited for carrying foreign DNA into the genome of the host cell (Paszkowski 2001). Several transposons have been identified in different microalgal species; however, their role in successful transformation is yet to be explored (Miller et al., 1993; Berthelier et al., 2018; Cohen et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1998; Bourdareau et al., 2021).
Microbial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Transposons are transposable genetic elements that carry one or more other genes in addition to those which are essential for transposition. The structure of a transposon is similar to that of an insertion sequence. The extra genes are located between the terminal repeated sequences. Many antibiotic resistance genes are located on transposons. Since transposons can jump from one DNA molecule to another, these antibiotic-resistant transposons are a major factor in the development of plasmids, which can confer multiple drug resistance on a bacterium harboring such a plasmid. These multiple drug resistance plasmids have become a major medical problem.
Inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism markers revealed long terminal repeat retrotransposon insertion polymorphism in flax cultivated on the experimental fields around Chernobyl
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Veronika Lancíková, Jana Žiarovská
Hypermethylation is considered as one of the most important manifestations of plant stress response on the genome level. In general, epigenetics controls genome stability and allows adaptation to irradiation. However, when the effect of stress factor is alleviated, DNA methylation returns back to its original state.[51] Also, in terms of radiation stress, it has been shown that the progeny of radiation exposed plants can respond by genome wide DNA methylation loss. Loss of methylation and changed level of DNA methyltransferases can lead to the activation of transposons.[2,52] Stress factors can lead to the rearrangement of genome. Copy number variation of genes can lead to the variability on the genetic and phenotypic level.[53] However, Pecinka et al. observed that the DNA methylation loss is not necessarily needed while heterochromatin decondensation can result into activation of transposable elements.[54]