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Next-Generation Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Valerie Fitzgerald, Paul Leonard
There are a number of characteristics of the LAMP method that make it superior to other similar methods. Firstly, unlike other PCR-based methods, LAMP does not require high-precision thermal cycling equipment due to the use of an isothermal enzyme. Secondly, the simplified reaction, which occurs in one tube, can be monitored and a positive reaction confirmed in a number of ways, either by turbidity or by fluorescence, without complicated or time-consuming post-amplification analysis [52]. These properties make LAMP a very attractive method for diagnosis of disease and infection in instances where sophisticated equipment and highly skilled personnel are not available. A very interesting modification of the LAMP method, described by Lee et al., outlines a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification–enzyme-linked immunosorbant hybridisation (RT-LAMP-ELISA) assay for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patient samples. With this technique the authors detail a rapid, ‘one-tube’ method for detection of active tuberculosis in patients as well as the ability to differentiate M. tuberculosis from other Mycobacteria species from a single sputum sample [51].
Gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizer for radiotherapy and diagnosis of COVID-19: A review
Published in Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2022
Abdul Khaliq Mokhtar, Norsyahidah Mohd Hidzir, Faizal Mohamed, Irman Abdul Rahman, Syazwani Mohd Fadzil, Afifah Mardhiah Mohamed Radzi, Nur Ain Mohd Radzali
The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test in molecular testing category is currently the litmus test for pathogen detection, in this case, COVID-19 outbreak [178]. However, RT-PCR possesses a few drawbacks, which include false negatives, existence of asymptomatic carriers, complexity, and concerns associated with its replication, responsiveness, and precision [179, 180]. In addition, there is a lack of RT-PCR kits and insufficient medical personnel to operate and perform testing in numerous developing countries, which raises concerns and burdens for them to adopt RT-PCR testing [181]. Some people may also feel uncomfortable, particularly children, as deep nasal swabs are required. Thus, recent advancements and approaches in nanotechnology-based pathogen detection methods have paved the way for more appropriate and simpler options for detecting pathogens in faster and efficient manners [182, 183]. Table 3 shows the diagnostic of coronavirus by AuNP-based approach. As regards enhancing the performance of detecting virus, AuNP has been used in various virus detection systems such as the colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) [188, 193], reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) [194, 195], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [188, 196], and lateral flow [186, 197] due to its ultrasmall size and large surface area.
Novel deep neural network technique for detecting environmental effect of COVID-19
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rajeev Kumar Gupta, Akshay Rameshbhai Gupta, Nikhlesh Pathik, R. K. Pateriya, Prem Kumar Chaurasiya, Upendra Rakjak, Tikendra Nath Verma, Abeer M. Alosaimi, Mahmoud Ali. Hussein
(Manigandan et al. 2020 Aug) discussed the various source of coronavirus transmission and methods used to diagnose Covid disease. Covid disease starts with typical symptoms like fever, cold, and cough. As the infection grows, the infected patient faces serious respiratory syndrome, lung problems, and kidney failure in some cases. Some of the latest COVID-19 detection techniques available are Isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques, Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification techniques (RT-LAMP), Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) techniques, Serological and immunological assays, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatographic method and chromatographic techniques have been introduced as a rapid examination for SARS-CoV-2 (Alsohaimi 2021).
Involvement of the open-source community in combating the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
John Scott Frazer, Amelia Shard, James Herdman
Both FDM and SLA printers have been utilised in prototyping and manufacture of rapid diagnostic tests. FDM printed structures have been used as simple readout devices for both NAAT [36] and immunoassay. One group has used quantum nanodot particles and monoclonal antibodies for detection of avian influenza viral particles, holding the immunochromatographic sheet in front of an excitation light using a 3D printed readout screen to allow assessment with the naked eye [37]. Another group has developed a low-cost quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) thermocycler using off-the-shelf components and an FDM-printed chassis [38]. A device is available which allows detection of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses within 20 min using reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) using test tubes placed on an isothermal hot plate, coupling a FDM-printed mount to hold a smartphone and lens. The device then uses the phone’s LED flashlight as light source, and the camera for image acquisition [39]. There also exists an entirely open-source complete device dedicated to qPCR which can be printed on a standard FDM printer, with production of milled circuit boards using a CNC mill. Results of the device have been verified by successful amplification and quantification of lentivirus particles as a proxy for HIV [40]. Provided appropriate reagents and expertise are available, these devices may make the local manufacture and early de-centralisation of tests to peripheral sites possible, thus increasing speed of return of results and making control of spread of the pandemic a more realistic possibility.