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The Human Cancer Situation
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Risk analyses have generally focused on predicting numbers of cancers rather than the effect on population survival. A more sophesticated approach to cancer risk assessment would include years of life lost, or take differences in fatality rate of cancers at different sites into account in some other way. Table 2-4 provides survival rates for this purpose; more detailed data are available (Ries et al., 1983). While these are imperfect and the factors discussed above must be considered, they allow survival rate to be included in a risk assessment. The relative survival rate given is the ratio of the observed survival rate to that expected in the general population, specific for age, sex, race, and calendar year. It thus corrects for other causes of death which might be expected even in someone who was not diagnosed with cancer and so estimates the chance of survival given that cancer diagnosis relative to expected survival without that cancer. Among the factors included in Table 2-4, differences in survival rate among primary site are the most striking, ranging from nil to nearly 90%. Females generally have a higher survival rate than males. The overall difference between men and women is about 15%, but most of this comes from the large difference in lung cancer incidence. Even after correcting for expected deaths from other causes, survival generally decreases with age. Finally, there is considerable variation by race in both size and direction of the differences in survival rate for different sites.
A PPM-based UNet for Tumour and Kidney Segmentation in CTScans
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Marcus Vinicius S. L. Oliveira, Caio E. F. Matos, Geraldo Braz Júnior, Anselmo Cardoso de Paiva, João D. Sousa de Almeida, Gabriel J. S. Costa, Matheus L. L. Bessa, Mario P. Freitas Filho
The early diagnosis of this pathology becomes an essential tool for the prognosis and treatment of the disease, thus increasing the patient’s chances of cure. Patients diagnosed at an early stage of the disease have a 93% relative survival rate at five years. On the other hand, when the diagnosis is made at an advanced stage (disease metastasis), this rate is reduced to 12%, thus demonstrating the importance of this early diagnosis. In the search for early diagnoses, imaging tests have assumed a fundamental role in modern medicine, making it possible to identify, treat and exclude several diseases. Characteristics such as low cost, good quality image, speed of performance and applicability in different diagnoses make Computed Tomography (CT) one of the most accessible radiological exams for patients, being widely required in the health system Diagnostics (2020). The CT analysis process for identifying and removing important information is highly complex since the physician performs this task manually in a visual manner. Therefore, as it is a repetitive process, problems such as fatigue (physical and visual) and attention deviation can negatively influence the identification and evaluation of the structures found in the images.