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Carbon Nanotubes as Versatile Carriers in Drug Delivery
Published in Alexander V. Vakhrushev, Vladimir I. Kodolov, A. K. Haghi, Suresh C. Ameta, Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles, 2019
C. K. Sudhakar, Nitish Upadhyay, Sanjay Jain, R. Narayana Charyulu
Nowacki and his coworker94 studied that in breast-conserving therapy or nephron-sparing surgery (NSS), known as partial nephrectomy, two major problems persist: intraoperative hemorrhage and risk of local tumor relapse. CNT have numerous properties, one of them is homeostatic properties; in NSS of kidney cancer, there is always a chance of local tumor relapse due to excessive bleeding during the surgery. Combination of CNTs and cisplatin was innovative drug delivery method to prevent both local tumor relapse and bleeding in NSS surgery of the kidney cancer on the xenografted murine model. The CNTs will prevent the bleeding by acting as homeostatic and cisplatin as an oncostatic agent. Amplification of the procoagulant activity of MWCNTs was done by conjugation with carboxylation or amidation groups. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that MWCNTs enhance proliferation of the contact activation pathway (intrinsic) through a nonclassical mechanism strongly reliant on Christmas factor.5 SWCNTs shortened the clotting time of platelet-poor plasma.80 Meng and his coworker 46,47 studied that functionalization of CNTs with long carboxylated L-COOH and long aminated L-NH2 groups persuaded a greater level of platelet activation than smaller carboxylated and small animated groups, correspondingly; the clot becomes soft and hard depending upon the functionalization group and the length of the group’s chain. Long aminated CNTs amplified the clots’ hard rigidity considerably, whereas long carboxylated and small animated CNTs make the clots softer and nonrigid in nature (Fig. 1.5).
Industrial Applications of Biosurfactants
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Shilpa Mujumdar, Shradha Bashetti, Sheetal Pardeshi, Rebecca S. Thombre
Glycolipids are the biosurfactants with composition of carbohydrates and lipids. This type of biosurfactant was produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT10 named Rhamnolipid. Near about seven different rhamnolipids were reported from Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT10. They showed antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and also antifungal properties against a range of fungi, anti adhesive activity against several bacterial and yeasts isolated from voice prostheses. It also has ability to induce dose dependent hemolysis and coagulation of platelet poor plasma (Lang and Wullbrandt, 1999; Rodrigues et al., 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2006; Reis et al., 2012). Hossain et al. (2001) reported a glycolipid produced by Borrelia burgdorferi also showed antimicrobial activity. Pseudozyma fusiformata, an yeast reported for the production of low molecular weight glycolipid. It has fungicidal activity against 80 % of the 280 yeast and yeast like species under acidic conditions (pH 4.0) (Golubev et al., 2001). Glycolipid BS from Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from dairy showed good anti-adhesive activity against several bacterial and yeast strains isolated from voice prostheses (Rodrigues et al., 2004).
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
Figure 3 The effect of platelet rich plasma on proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. Serum free media supplemented with platelet rich plasma encourages mesenchymal stem cells to proliferate in a dose dependent manner. (SF = serum free, GM = growth media, PB = peripheral blood, PPP = platelet poor plasma.) (From Ref. 22.)
Degradable porous carboxymethyl chitin hemostatic microspheres
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Yong Zhao, Jiazhen Li, Fan Leng, Siyao Lv, Wei Huang, Weiqing Sun, Xulin Jiang
To explore the effect on the activation of blood plasma coagulation, the coagulation experiments including clotting time (CT), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of different samples were tested. The anticoagulant citrated whole blood was prepared as above and the platelet poor plasma (PPP) was obtained by centrifuging the anticoagulant whole blood at 3000 rpm/min for 20 min. The sample was dispersed in saline with a concentration of 10 mg/mL at 37 °C. To pre-incubated 50 μL PPP and 50 μL aPPT reagent at 37 °C, 10 μL sample dispersion was added and mixed for 3 min, and then added with 50 μL of 0.025 mol/L CaCl2. The mixture was stirred immediately with a fine needle before coagulation and the aPTT (s) was recorded. The saline without any sample was served as the negative control. Similarly, 10 μL sample dispersion was added to 50 μL PPP and incubated at 37 °C for 3 min, then added with 100 μL of PT reagent. The mixture was stirred until coagulation and the PT (s) was recorded [23]. For the CT test, 10 mg sample was added directly to 1 mL citrated whole blood in tube and pre-warmed at 37 °C. Timing was started when 0.1 mL of 0.2 M CaCl2 solution was added into the tube. The mixture was inverted every minute until the blood/sample aggregate completely ceased to flow, and the time was recorded. The citrated blood added to the blank tube was served as the control. All experimental groups and controls were run five times (n = 5) [24].
Calcium content mediated hemostasis of calcium-modified oxidized microporous starch
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Junxia Yu, Huantong Su, Shuda Wei, Fangping Chen, Changsheng Liu
Blood was collected from male rabbit weighing 1.5–3 kg ear veins under non-activation conditions, and anti-coagulated with acid citrate dextrose at a v/v ratio of 9:1. To isolate platelet solutions, whole blood was first centrifuged at 1500 r/min for 5 min to obtain platelet rich plasma (PRP), and the PRP was further centrifuged at 3000 r/min for 15 min to obtain platelet poor plasma (PPP) and concentrated platelets [24]. The platelet pellet was re-suspended in PPP, and the concentration was measured using a Cell-Dyn 500 hemostasis analyzer. Only suspensions with >100,000 platelets/mL were used for further testing. Packed red blood cells (RBCs) were separated by centrifugation of citrated whole blood at 1500 rpm for 5 min. After pipetting out the plasma and buffy coat, RBCs were further washed three times by centrifuging with sterile PBS. RBC suspensions were prepared by re-suspending one part of packed RBCs in seven parts of PBS to yield a hematocrit of approximately 10% [25].