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Role of Water in Plant System
Published in A. Zaman, Md. Hedayetullah, Sustainable Water Resource Development and Management, 2022
Water is an abundant source covering about 71% of the total surface water and uneven distribution of water hampers crop production. Due to the less availability of water, there are significantly larger losses in production and vegetative cover in the terrestrial ecosystem. The physiological importance of water in plants is essential for successful plant growth, involving photosynthesis and several other biochemical processes. It characterizes the growth and productive behavior of plant species. It has a relationship in crop water use with scarce water sources. The physiology of water inside the plant plays a role in the absorption and loss of water from the soil as well as plant parts. The water absorption also depends on the crop variety and species. The transpiration process of plants transmits water to the atmosphere and very less percentage is utilized by the plants for their biochemical activities.
Bioremediation: Plants and Microbes for Restoration of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils
Published in Jos T. Puthur, Om Parkash Dhankher, Bioenergy Crops, 2022
Harsh Kumar, Shumailah Ishtiyaq, Mayank Varun, Paulo J.C. Favas, Clement O. Ogunkunle, Manoj S. Paul
Toxicological effects of higher doses of Ni in plants have been observed by many researchers at various degrees such as suppression of mitotic activity, plant-water relationship, photosynthesis, reduced plant growth, inhibition of antioxidative enzyme activity, and nitrogen metabolism (Gajewska et al. 2009). Overall, it decreases plant productivity because of poor plant growth and reduced availability of nutrients in the soil. In addition to harmful growth effects, there may be alterations in plant morphology and physiology. Seregin and Kozhevnikova (2006) reported the reduction in mesophyll tissue and vessel diameter of vascular bundles upon exposure to 1 mM NiSO4 in wheat. The decrease in chloroplast size, dysfunction of chloroplast ultrastructure, including the diminished numbers of grana and thylakoids and the changes in the membrane lipid composition were reported in Cajanus cajan and Brassica oleracea when plants were grown in the presence of NiSO4.7H2O (10–20 g/m3) (Molas 1997).
Use of Halo-tolerant Bacteria to Improve the Bioactive Secondary Metabolites in Medicinally Important Plants under Saline Stress
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
The concentration and composition of secondary metabolites in plants depends on the plants genetic composition. The composition of secondary metabolites in plants also depends on agronomical condition of the field such as, soil types, salt concentration, water status and nutrients in the soil. Secondary metabolites do not have any direct role in normal plant growth, development or reproduction, but can effectively act against adverse environmental conditions (Jha 2019a). They act as natural defense molecules against diseases caused due to pathogens, parasites or metabolic activity, and also help plants to overcome inter/intra species competition for better survival of the host plant (Singh and Yadav 2020; Yadav et al. 2020). Plant growth and development is continuously affected by abiotic factors like relative humidity, temperature, light, mineral nutrients, CO2 and availability of water, as well as pollutants, ionizing radiation, wind pressure and resources which determine plant growth or biotic factors including other symbiotic organisms, parasites, herbivores and phytopathogen.
Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Sida planicaulis Cav extract using human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Mariana Terezinha Selbach, Amanda Souza Scotti, Cleverson Costa Feistel, Caroline C. Nicolau, Daiana Dalberto, Natália Garcia dos Santos, Guilherme Borsoi, Alexandre Barros Falcão Ferraz, Ivana Grivicich, Guilherme Maurício Soares de Souza, Paola Chytry, Johnny Ferraz Dias, Dione Silva Corrêa, Juliana da Silva
The PIXE technique displayed the presence of macronutrients including P and K, and micronutrients Fe and Zn in the extracts of S. planicaulis. Macronutrients and micronutrients are essential elements for plant growth and development. These constituents undergo variations according to the climatic season, aiming to supply vital and cyclic needs of the plants (Buet et al. 2019). The winter compared to the summer extract presented a greater quantity of these elements. Further, winter extract exhibited a significant increase in the quantity of Zn. Although Zn is an essential micronutrient, this metal is involved in oxidative damage (Sudhakaran, Athira, and Mahanan 2019). The fact that excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may induce neuronal damage, and consequently leads to the death of neurons by necrosis or apoptosis as previously reported by Casetta, Govoni, and Granieri (2005). It is worthwhile noting that Zysk et al. (2018) demonstrated that excess Zn exerted neurotoxic effects. Thus, the increased Zn levels may contribute to or intensify the neurotoxicity induced by S. planicaulis in animals during the winter period in agreement with our observations accompanied by a genotoxic effect (Sudhakaran, Athira, and Mahanan 2019).
Estimation of non-linear root water uptake parameter using genetic algorithms
Published in ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2018
Ickkshaanshu Sonkar, K. S. Hari Prasad, C. S. P. Ojha
In soil–water–plant–atmosphere system, water plays an important role in controlling plant growth (Richards and Wadleigh 1952). The plant gets its water demand from the soil water through root uptake. For sustainable irrigation practices, there is a need for better understanding of biophysical processes of root water uptake in the soil and transpiration (Green et al. 2006). For optimal growth of plant, irrigation is applied to make water available for plant intake through root system. The quantity of water application depends upon the deficit moisture content in the root zone. The crop yield depends upon the water use by the plant root only, i.e. transpiration. The root water extraction is a complex function of soil moisture content, transpiration, root depth and growth period of crop.
Comparison of the effects of poultry manure and its biochar on barley growth in petroleum-contaminated soils
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Maryam Barati, Fereshteh Bakhtiari, Dariush Mowla, Sedigheh Safarzadeh
According to Figures 1 and 2, dry weight of barley growing in PM-amended treatments did not change significantly compared with unamended treatment (blank). Among the treatments, application of PMB increased significantly the average of dry weight by 16.25, 15.38, and 22.22% for shoot and by 50, 36.36, and 83.33% for root at 4, 6, and 8% TPHs-contaminated soil, respectively, compared to unamended treatment (blank) (Figures 1 and 2). Contaminated soils are usually deficient in macro- and micronutrients necessary for establishing healthy growing plants and stimulating microbial contaminant degradation (Kamath et al.2004). However, petroleum crude oil may limit the accessibility of nutrients to plants by reducing the availability of water (Ogboghodo et al.2004). So, the addition of fertilizer leads to enhanced plant growth performance in contaminated soil (Amadi et al.1993). Chirakkara and Reddy (2015) showed that the biochar and compost amendments improved the growth characteristics and biomass of the sunflower and oat. In the present study, application of PMB and PM reduced the adverse effects of hydrocarbons on barley growth. Increasing of plant growth might be due to improving plant nutrient availability and soil properties (Jeffery et al.2011). Our results indicated that barley growth in PMB-treated soils was better than that in the PM-treated soil (Figures 1 and 2), probably due to higher nutrient content in PMB compared to PM (Table 2).