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Sample Preparation Techniques to Isolate and Recover Organics and Inorganics
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
Equation (3.19) suggests that if an ion pair that exhibits a high partition coefficient, KD, forms the ion pair to a great extent (i.e., has a large value for KIP), then a large value for D enables an almost complete transfer of a particular anion to the organic phase. Of all the possible ion pair complexes that could form from anions that are present in an environmental sample, the isolation and recovery of anionic surfactants using methylene blue is the most commonly employed IP-LLE technique used in environmental testing labs today. The molecular structure of this ion pair formed a large organic anion that is prevalent in wastewater such as an alkyl benzene sulfonate, a common synthetic detergent, using a large organic cation such as methylene blue, as follows:
Nonsuppressed Anion Chromatography
Published in James P. Lodge, Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 2017
To perform trace analysis by this principle, it is essential that the background conductance be kept low, which necessitates a low eluent concentration. For successful chromatography in a reasonable time period, this, in turn, requires the eluent anion to have high eluting ability and the column to have relatively low ion exchange capacity. A large organic anion is generally chosen as the eluent ion — the sensitivity is also maximized by such a choice since the equivalent conductance of a large organic anion is substantially lower than those of common inorganic anions of interest.
State-of-the-Art and Perspectives for Electroactive Polymers
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Adil A. Gobouri, Electroactive Polymeric Materials, 2022
Rita Martins, Parastou Sadeghi, Ana P.M. Tavares, Goreti Sales
PPy has been used in batteries for energy storage and fuel cells for energy conversion (Kausar, 2017). Zhou et al. (2013) reported that electroactive organic anion-doped PPy was an appropriate cathode for sodium ion batteries due to its inexpensive and renewable features. The redox-active polymers were the suitable hosts for sodium ion batteries; however, they have some disadvantages due to the large anionic’s low doping level. This problem was solved by activation of the PPy chains, with the addition of redox anionic species (Zhou et al., 2013).
Pharmacokinetics of α-amanitin in mice using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and in vitro drug–drug interaction potentials
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Ria Park, Won-Gu Choi, Min Seo Lee, Yong-Yeon Cho, Joo Young Lee, Han Chang Kang, Chang Hwan Sohn, Im-Sook Song, Hye Suk Lee
The lethal dose of α-amanitin is reported to be 0.3–0.6 mg/kg in mice and 4 mg/kg in rats, following an intraperitoneal (ip) injection and 0.1 mg/kg in humans after oral (po) administration (Garcia et al. 2015a; Vetter 1998). Following exposure, acute toxic hepatitis develops rapidly, subsequently reaching a state of liver insufficiency, and ultimately coma and death (Chen et al. 2021; Diaz 2018; Mydlík and Derzsiová 2006). Despite the potential of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity is also reported after amatoxin poisoning (Barman et al. 2018; Mydlík and Derzsiová 2006; Wang et al. 2020). α-Amanitin is a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3, which is located in hepatocyte sinusoidal membranes, producing liver accumulation of α-amanitin (Garcia et al. 2015a; Letschert et al. 2006). α-Amanitin is also filtered through the glomerulus within a day of intake and reabsorbed by the renal tubules, resulting in kidney damage (Berger and Guss 2005; Garcia et al. 2015a; Sun et al. 2018). The accumulation of α-amanitin in the liver and kidneys through the OATP1B3-mediated hepatic uptake and reabsorption into renal tubules may be correlated with hepatic and renal adverse consequences (Diamond et al. 2019; Jaeger et al. 1993). However, the pharmacokinetic features of α-amanitin still remain to be determined. In this context, to enhance our understanding of α-amanitin toxicokinetics (TK), the aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of α-amanitin in mice. For this purpose, mice as animal models were selected because the lethal dose of α-amanitin in mouse is lower compared to rat but similar to that in humans (Garcia et al. 2015a; Jeon et al. 2020; Vetter 1998).