China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Physical Hazards of Space Exploration and the Biological Bases of Behavioral Health and Performance in Extreme Environments
Published in Lauren Blackwell Landon, Kelley J. Slack, Eduardo Salas, Psychology and Human Performance in Space Programs, 2020
Julia M. Schorn, Peter G. Roma
Although the negative valence domain is critical to understand risks to physiological and psychological performance in space, the positive valence domain is no less important in the space environment. Positive valence behaviors include approach and reward-seeking, social interaction, and reduced stress responses. Reward and reinforcement processes primarily rely on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in the midbrain. GABA and glutamate input to the VTA projects dopamine to the NAcc, which is associated with the experience of pleasure or reward (Salamone, Correa, Mingote, & Weber, 2005). Decreased dopamine responses are thus associated with anhedonia and mood disorders (Berridge & Kringelbach, 2015; Heller et al., 2009; Nestler & Carlezon, 2006; Supekar et al., 2018).
Medical device implants for neuromodulation
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
Neuromodulation techniques have been investigated in other psychiatric and neurological disorders, with mixed results. It should be noted that serendipity has played a part in several “discoveries” of treatment therapies. For example, some patients who underwent DBS of the nucleus accumbens for OCD subsequently lost their dependence on alcohol, nicotine, or heroin. Should further clinical studies be conducted by applying DBS to this brain area in patients with drug addiction? Or would this treatment be a premature application of neuromodulation? These questions will be germane as neuromodulation is considered for the treatment of complex disorders for which the underlying physiology is largely unknown.
Outdoor light at night and depressive symptoms in male veterans: a multicenter cross-sectional study in China
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Shifu Zhu, Gongbo Chen, Yuewei Liu, Guang-Hui Dong, Bo-Yi Yang, Luning Wang, Nan Li, Shanshan Li, Jiping Tan, Yuming Guo
Although the biological mechanisms underlying the association between outdoor LAN and depression are unclear, current evidence suggests that LAN can affect mood directly and indirectly. Animal studies have shown that nighttime light could affect mood by suppressing melatonin secretion and altering the expression of clock genes to disrupt circadian rhythms and sleep (Vandewalle et al. 2010; LeGates et al. 2014; Bedrosian and Nelson 2017; Fernandez et al. 2018; Maruani and Geoffroy 2022). Moreover, light can directly affect mood without causing changes in circadian rhythms and sleep (LeGates et al. 2012; Fernandez et al. 2018; An et al. 2020). Nighttime light can induce depressive-like behaviors in mice via a neural pathway that begins with the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC), continues through the dorsal perihabenular nucleus (dpHb), and ultimately reaches the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (An et al. 2020).
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulators: a review of past, present, and future devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Lei Wang, Yu Wang, Yifei Wang, Fang Wang, Jinling Zhang, Shaoyuan Li, Mozheng Wu, Liang Li, Peijing Rong
A controlled trial of patients with depression has confirmed that two weeks of taVNS treatment can relieve depressive symptoms [7]. However, there was only around one-third of the patients responding to taVNS in a nonrandomized study of a larger sample size [72]. Li et al. [73]manifested that taVNS is antidepressive through triggering melatonin secretion and increasing its production. Neuroimaging studies showed that taVNS changed the functional brain connections in the default mode network [74] and activated insular lobe in patients with mild to moderate depression [75]. In addition, after 4 weeks of taVNS treatment, the functional connectivity between the bilateral medial hypothalamus and rostral anterior cingulate cortex decreased [42]. The functional connectivity between the left nucleus accumbens and right anterior cingulate cortex increased after taVNS treatment [76].
Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: current status and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Benjamin Davidson, Flavia Venetucci Gouveia, Jennifer S. Rabin, Peter Giacobbe, Nir Lipsman, Clement Hamani
One such neuromodulation treatments is deep brain stimulation (DBS), a neurosurgical procedure involving the insertion of electrodes into deep neural targets. These electrodes are connected subcutaneously to a pulse generator, placed below the clavicle, to deliver low-voltage continuous stimulation. Beginning with a case series in 2005 [1], DBS has increasingly been employed in the treatment of TRD, almost exclusively within the context of clinical trials. At least six neural targets have been used in DBS for TRD trials, highlighting the complexity, heterogeneity, and controversy present in the literature. This editorial will focus on the three DBS targets which are most widely studied. Due to their close anatomical proximity, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule will be referred to as the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS).