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Regeneration of Cardiomyocytes from Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Application to Cell Transplantation Therapy
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Various cardiac specific transcription factors have been cloned, and their genes are serially expressed in the developing heart during myogenesis and morphogenesis. Figure 4 shows the time course of the expression of cardiomyocyte-specific transcription factors in fetal developing heart and CMG cells. The genes coding Nkx2.515 (homeobox type transcription factor specifically expressed beginning in the early developing heart), GATA416 (GATA-motif-binding Zinc finger type transcription factor expressed beginning in the early stage developing heart), HAND 1/2 (basic helix-loop-helix type transcription factor expressed in the heart and autonomic nervous system), and MEF2-B/C17 (muscle enhancement factor: a MADS box family transcription factor expressed in the myocytes) were expressed in the early stage of heart development, and MEF2A and MEF2-D in the middle stage. The CMG cells already expressed GATA4, TEF-118(transcription enhancement factor 2), Nkx2.5, HAND, and MEF2-C before exposure to 5-azacytidine, and they expressed MEF2-A and MEF2-D after exposure to 5-azacytidine. This pattern of gene expression in CMG cells was similar to that of developing cardiomyocytes in vivo,11 and indicated that the developmental stage of the undifferentiated CMG cells is close to that of cardiomyoblasts or the early stages of heart development. We estimated that the stage of differentiation of the CMG cells lies between the cardiomyocyte-progenitor stage and the differentiated cardiomyocyte stage.
Myosin heavy chain isoform composition in the deltoid and vastus lateralis muscles of elite handball players
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Athanasios Mandroukas, Thomas I. Metaxas, Zacharoula Papadopoulou, Jan Heller, Nikos V. Margaritelis, Kosmas Christoulas, Bjorn Ekblom, Ioannis S. Vrabas
The underlying mechanisms for the effects of exercise on MHC isoform composition are largely unknown and remain to be elucidated (Pette, 2002). However, calcium homoeostasis and its cellular metabolism seem to be key features for this effect. For instance, calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase, activates members of the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) family and the MADS-box transcription factor MEF2. NFATs and MEF2, once activated by calcineurin, bind to specific promoters for the transcription of slow fibre type-specific genes (McCullagh et al., 2004; Wu et al., 2000). Calcium-regulation of fibre type transitions also includes the co-operation with other molecules, such as calsarcin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, yet, it is beyond the scope of the present work to describe these mechanisms in detail (Pette, 2002).