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Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization – Artificial Neural Network Algorithm for Energy Management
Published in Baseem Khan, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Hassan Haes Alhelou, Om Prakash Mahela, S. Rajkumar, Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids, 2022
Kranthi Kumar, Altaf Q. H. Badar, Sanjeevikumar Padmanabhan
Features of ANNs that are observed from a biological neuron:Many signals are received by the processing element.Modification of signal may happen through synapse weights.Synapse weight strength is dynamic in nature.The weighted inputs are summed by the processing element.Usually the neuron will have a single output.The output of a single neuron may act as an input to many other neurons.Local processing of information.Distributed memory.Neurotransmitters for synapses may be excitatory or inhibitory.Fault tolerance.
Processing Techniques and Analysis of Brain Sensor Data Using Electroencephalography
Published in Mridu Sahu, G. R. Sinha, Brain and Behavior Computing, 2021
Synapses are considered gateways of excitatory (increased neuron signaling chances) or inhibitory (decreased neuron signaling chances) activities [4]. There is a voltage change across a cell membrane due to the release of neurotransmitters by synaptic transmissions. Also, the postsynaptic potentials or electrical fields occur in synchrony by synaptic activities which last for hundreds of milliseconds. The electric field is summing up and rapidly propagated over the scalp and then eventually measured by an EEG-like procedure [4,5]. All the electrical potentials are not strong enough to spread over the scalp and get measured by EEG sensors [4]. The synchronized activity of the pyramidal cells in cortical regions of the brain (frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal) can be measured. The cell body and dendrites make the unique orientation of these cells by heading away from the grey matter and towards the surface, respectively. With such specific orientation, the generated electrical fields are very stable and spread into various directions and can then be measured easily by EEG sensors. It is an ideal imagining technology for the analysis of precise time-course emotional and cognitive processes.
Evaluation of Soft Computing Techniques and IEC61850 Protocols for the Development of the Internet of Energy Framework
Published in Pawan Kumar, Srete Nikolovski, Z Y Dong, Internet of Energy Handbook, 2021
A basic neuron has three vital components, namely: cell body, dendrites, and axon. An interconnected tree-like network is represented by dendrites, represent a network of various nerves attached to the main body of the cell. An axon is represented by a kind of single, lengthy connection emerging and stretching from the cell body. The end of an axon is divided into various fine strands. Each strand is terminated in a minute bulblike organ known as a synapse, in which the neuron initiates the command for the surrounding neurons. There are tentatively 100,000 synapses for each neuron in the human brain. Synapses are excitatory, which allows the passing of impulses and causes initiation for the neighboring neurons, or inhibitory as they allow the neighboring impulses to block the initiation of the neuron.
Acute coordinative exercise ameliorates general and food-cue related cognitive function in obese adolescents
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Ligong Zhang, Chien-Heng Chu, Jen-Hao Liu, Feng-Tzu Chen, Jui-Ti Nien, Chenglin Zhou, Yu-Kai Chang
Successfully resisting the influences of obesogenic environments requires top-down, goal-directed, higher-order cognitive processes, such as inhibitory control (Pearce et al., 2018). Inhibitory control refers to the ability to suppress inappropriate actions or override the prepotent processing of task-irrelevant or distracting information (Bari & Robbins, 2013). Unfortunately, the atrophy in the prefrontal regions (Garcia-Garcia et al., 2015) and decreased connectivity in the brain regions involving cognitive control (Moreno-Lopez et al., 2016) in obese individuals imply deficits in inhibitory control. Indeed, obese/overweight individuals generally perform more poorly than normal-weight individuals on behavioural tasks requiring individuals to override the interference caused by irrelevant distracting information (e.g., the Stroop test and the Flanker test), indicating that obese/overweight individuals are less effective in exerting inhibitory control (Kamijo et al., 2014; Reyes et al., 2015). A recent meta-analysis also reported moderate negative effect sizes indicating deficits in inhibitory control in obese children and adolescents (Pearce et al., 2018). Together, these findings suggest a close linkage between obesity and inhibitory control.
Effects of tennis play on executive function in 6–11-year-old children: a 12-month longitudinal study
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Executive functions comprise three foundational components (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility; Diamond, 2013, for a review). Inhibitory control is the ability to control one’s attention, behaviour, thoughts, or emotions to override strong internal predispositions or external distractions, and thus focus on more adaptive and relevant stimuli. Working memory is the ability to keep information in mind and, usually, manipulate it somehow. Cognitive flexibility involves thinking about something in multiple ways (Diamond, 2013; Zelazo, 2015, for reviews). Each foundational component is multifaceted; for example, inhibitory control involves interference control and response inhibition, working memory involves hold mental representations available for processing and changing temporarily stored information in light of incoming information, and cognitive flexibility involves thinking about something in multiple ways, quickly switching between tasks, and shifting attention.