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Higher Harmonic Generation Imaging for Neuropathology
Published in Francesco S. Pavone, Shy Shoham, Handbook of Neurophotonics, 2020
Nikolay Kuzmin, Sander Idema, Eleonora Aronica, Philip C. de Witt Hamer, Pieter Wesseling, Marie Louise Groot
Hippocampal specimens with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are characterized by neuronal cell loss (with predominant damage of hippocampal sectors CA1, CA3, and CA4) and astrogliosis. The cortical specimens obtained from patients with epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) are characterized by distorted cortical lamination and the presence of balloon cells and dysmorphic neurons, as well as astrogliosis (FCD type IIb). A technique such as THG/SHG that visualizes the morphology of tissue may therefore be capable of visualizing these hallmarks. To our knowledge, no reports have been published of THG/SHG images of tissue specimens from HS or FCD cases. Here, we present two cases, one of HS and one of FCD type IIb.
Hazard characterization of silver nanoparticles for human exposure routes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Notably, Ghaderi et al.[100] found that the maternal exposure of AgNPs can confer a prolonged influence on cognitive function for offspring. This impairment could continuously exist after the offspring’s adulthood.[100] To summarize, after entering brain by transcytosis though the BBB, AgNPs can easily induce astrocyte swelling, which is followed by ROS generation and corresponding proinflammatory responses as the dose increases. The subsequent impacts could be the increased BBB capillary permeability, apoptosis cell death in hippocampus tissue[101] and even the hippocampal sclerosis.[12] Noteworthily, even though the transportation of AgNPs though BBB doesn’t influence its permeability, the consequent hazards could incorporate the permeability increasement. Indeed, the most significant target of AgNPs in the brain is the hippocampus. As reflected by pathological symptoms, the neurotoxicity could be reflected by irreversible impaired neurobehavior, especially degenerated spatial cognition.