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Social Aspects of Flooding
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Mir Bintul Huda, Nasir Ahmad Rather, Saeid Eslamian
One more infection caused by nematodes of the family Filarioidea is known as filariasis. It is caused by the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, which is transmitted by mosquito bites (Chin, 2000). Nielsen et al. (2002) conducted a study in Malawi floods of 1999 and reported the spread of lymphatic filariasis. In comparison to other endemic areas, a high prevalence of circulating filarial antigens was found especially in children and it was pointed out that there was a possibility that the increase in transmission may be due to the severe flooding of the area prior to the study. Some other vector-borne diseases in relation to flooding include tularaemia and staphylinid beetle dermatitis. Reference to these incidences in Croatia, the USA, Egypt, and Kenya are found in the literature (Borcic et al., 1977; Morsay et al., 1996; Hugh-Jones, 1998; Claborn et al., 1999); but these lack a strong epidemiological link to flooding.
Activity of Muscles in Non-Myopathic Conditions
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
Filariasis is well documented since the mid-19th century and is caused by thread-like parasitic roundworms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi (Otsuji, 2011, Babu & Nutman, 2012; Nutman et al., 2013). The early stage of filariasis symptoms are recurrent fever episodes with chills, inflammation of the lymph nodes and erythematic lesions on the skin. Though the infestation occurs during childhood, most remain asymptomatic (Pani et al., 1991; Witt & Ottesen, 2001; Freedman et al., 1994). It is established that adult worms cause lymphatic damage, leading to lymphatic obstruction and stasis (Taylor, 2003). Lymphatic obstruction, in turn, predisposes to recurrent bacterial infection of the skin and soft tissues of the draining area. Lymphatic vessels of the scrotum and lower extremities are commonly involved in filarial infection. Recurrent infections followed by healing and lymph stasis are considered as the major factors for the progression of the lymphoedema of the extremities (Walther & Muller, 2003; Shenoy, 2002; Shenoy et al., 2007). Lymphoedema affecting the foot causes intertrigo of the toe-web spaces and several predisposing factors are attributed for the development of the intertrigo (De Britto et al., 2015). For morbidity management and disability prevention in National filariasis control program of disease-endemic countries, the clinical staging of the lymphoedema of the extremity is done based on the reversibility of the lymphoedema on overnight rest, skin thickening (due to fibrosis) and the secondary skin changes such as nodules, abscess formation, skin ulcers, warts and intertrigo. In brief, in stage-1, the lymphoedema is completely reversible on overnight rest, in stage-2, it is partially reversible, in stage-3, skin thickening is perceptible, and in stage-4, and multiple skin lesions are visible (Figure 5.1).
Engineering control of insect-borne diseases
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
The mosquito-borne forms of filariasis (Bancroftian and Malayan) are caused by nematode worms which develop in the human lymphatic system and release vast numbers of tiny larvae into the blood. The worms may obstruct the lymph ducts and cause swelling of the limbs (elephantiasis; Figure 15.4) or the scrotum (hydrocele). Infection in humans is chronic and serious, and symptoms develop over many years of continual biting by mosquitoes.
Development of mebendazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for lymphatic targeting: Optimization, characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2021
Saurabh Shrivastava, Bina Gidwani, Chanchal Deep Kaur
Lymphatic filariasis is one of the oldest and debilitating health problems for human beings. According to WHO, 120 million people were affected by filariasis worldwide in the year 2000. Currently, 856 million people in 52 countries are infected. There are 25 million men with hydrocele and over 15 million people with lymphoedema. In India, filariasis was reported in 256 districts across 21 States/Union territories and over 650 million people are currently at the risk of infection (Shrivastava et al. 2016a). It is a parasitic disease with initial clinical manifestations like the presence of high fever with or without rigors. It is associated with swelling and inflammation of the arms and legs, which can provoke elephantiasis and hydrocele which ultimately causes damage and dysfunction of the lymphatic system (Shrivastava and Kaur 2018). Though the disease is not mortal itself but provokes acute and chronic morbidities and has dreadful social influence. The causative parasites responsible for filariasis are Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (Singh et al. 2016; Rao et al. 2018). As the parasites of filariasis are deeply localized in the lymphatic system, so the lymphatic system can be considered as a potential target to deliver drugs for achieving an optimal therapeutic benefit (Chaudhary et al. 2015). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) can meet the needs for effective targeting to lymphatics. These carrier systems are made up of physiological, biodegradable and biocompatible lipid materials and surfactants and are accepted by regulatory authorities for application in different drug delivery systems (Singh et al. 2014; Gidwani and Vyas 2016a).