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Association of the Anal Position Index (API) with constipation
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
H.A. Sinuhaji, E. Azlin, Supriatmo, A. Rahmad, A. Sinuhaji, A.B. Sinuhaji
A cross-sectional study of children under four years of age was conducted in Simalingkar community healthcare centre, Medan, Indonesian. Subjects were chosen using consecutive sampling. Subjects with warning signs (delayed passage of meconium, failure to thrive, bloody stools, severe abdominal distention, perianal fistula, absent anal wink, sacral dimple), congenital anomalies or syndromes, and taking medical treatment that affects constipation were excluded from this study. Study data were collected by conducting demographic data and by using the API. The child was held in the lithotomy position, and adhesive transparent tapes were used on the longitudinal axis of the mid-perineum. The fourchette/scrotum, anus centre and lower margin of the coccyx were marked on it. The strip was removed and flattened out onto a flat surface, and the distances were measured using a flexible measuring tape. The API, which is the ratio of anus-scrotum distance in boys and anus-fourchette in girls between the coccyx and fourchette/scrotum, was calculated. The association of the API and demographic data with constipation were tested. Results were considered to be statistically significant for P values <0.05. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Fracture mechanisms of spinodal alloys
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2018
Arpan Das, Chandra Bhanu Basak
Dimples are generated by the elongation of micro voids, specifically between the regions of ‘onset of necking’ and fracture of the material (see Figure 8a). Elongated voids of ductile failure are significantly oriented in the shear displacement direction [5]. Systematic shift of ‘onset of necking’ with ageing time is clearly noted from Figure 8(a). According to Helbert et al. [62], fracture occurs by void-nucleation instability, resulting from void multiplication associated with shear band propagation in titanium alloys. Detailed observation with current imaging revealed that fracture morphologies (Figure 6a1–g1) are rough and full of different sized/oriented dimples with different extents of wavy tearing ridges for all the specimens aged at different time. Overall morphology of the tensile fracture surfaces appeared to be wavy, rough and layered on the fractographs (see Figure 6). All specimens failed through micro void coalescence, which is typically of ductile nature. Unstable fracture surfaces were characterised by dimples and ‘hills and valleys’ of tearing ridges resulting from continuous plastic deformation, which is investigated (Figure 6a2–g2). A close examination of the dimple-ridges as well as inner dimple surfaces in these alloys reveals a good deal of plastic deformation. It is understood that the higher dimple number density and dimple area fraction for 180-min specimen are due to the existence of a large number of sub-micron interfacial voids, which nucleates from large number of sites of mismatch of strains between phases/interfaces or weak boundaries. When plastic strain in the matrix is responsible for void nucleation, Goods and Brown [3] suggested that the critical strain to nucleate a micro void increases with the size of particle, while Tanaka et al. [63] proposed a critical strain inversely proportional to the square root of the particle radius.