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Aircraft
Published in Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić, Introduction to the Air Transport System, 2022
Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić
The horizontal tail is composed of the horizontal stabilizer (or tailplane), which is a fixed part, and the elevator, which is a moveable part. The elevators, which are hinged to the rear of the horizontal stabilizer, allow the pilot to move the nose up and down. It provides control to pitch the airplane about an axis parallel to the wing. The vertical tail is composed of the vertical stabilizer (or fin), which is a fixed part, and the rudder, which is a moveable part. The rudder, located on the rear edge of the fin, enables the pilot to control the airplanes’ left-right movement (yaw control, around a vertical axis). There are also small moveable surfaces on the empennage—trim tabs. The trim tabs are located on the outer edges of the rudders and elevator and help the pilot to stabilize the airplane during flight, reducing the manual energy and workload of the pilot.
Hybrid Human Error Assessment Approach for Critical Aircraft Maintenance Practice in the Training Aircraft
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2022
Ebru Yazgan, Elif Kılıç Delice
The elevator is a component of primary flight controls that are needed to securely control an aircraft during flight. These controls consist of ailerons, elevators (or, in some installations, a stabilator), and rudder, as shown in Figure 2. Movement of any of the primary flight controls makes the aircraft turn about the axis of rotation associated with the control surface. The ailerons control motion around the longitudinal axis (roll), the elevator controls rotation around the lateral axis (pitch), and the rudder controls movement around the vertical axis (yaw; Skybary, 2017). In addition, movement of any of the three primary flight control surfaces (ailerons, elevator or stabilator, or rudder), changes the air flow and pressure distribution over and around the air foil. These changes influence the lift and drag produced by the wing and control surface combination, and allow a pilot to control the aircraft about its three axes of rotation (Federal Aviation Administration, 2016). The main pitch, elevator control movement, is bringing the nose of the aircraft up or down relative to the tail. Thus, the aircraft can gain and lose altitude. If the nose is down, the aircraft is gliding or descending; if the nose is up, climbing occurs. Figure 3 gives an illustration of the elevator control system from the aircraft maintenance manual (AMM) of a Cessna 172 type training aircraft. As stated in the AMM, the elevators are operated by power transmitted through forward and aft movement of the control yoke. This movement goes to the elevators through a system that has a push–pull tube, cables, and bell cranks. The elevator control cables, at their aft ends, are attached directly to a bell crank that is installed between the elevators. This bell crank connects the elevators, and is a bearing point for the travel stop bolts. A trim tab is installed on the right elevator (CESSNA Aircraft Company, 2007). The Cessna 172 Series aircraft type weighing less than 5,700 kg, as shown in Figure 2, is a four-seat, single-engine, high-wing and fixed-wing aircraft, the most produced and popular training aircraft in the world.