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Distance measuring equipment
Published in Mike Tooley, David Wyatt, Aircraft Communications and Navigation Systems, 2017
In the US, a combined rho–theta system was introduced for military aircraft known as TACAN (tactical air navigation). This system is a short- range bearing and distance navigation aid operating in the 962–1215 MHz band. TACAN navigation aids (see Figure 11.7) are often co-located with VOR navigation aids; these are identified on navigation charts as ‘VORTAC’.
Team Performance in Air Combat: A Teamwork Perspective
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2023
Heikki Mansikka, Kai Virtanen, Don Harris, Juha Järvinen
A flight of four F-16C aircraft (call signs Mace 31–34) was flying an air combat training mission against two F-16C aircraft just after twilight. Whenever the separation between Mace 33 and Mace 34 was less than 3 nautical miles (nm), Mace 34 was tasked to maintain a tactical formation by visually observing Mace 33. When the separation exceeded 3 nm, Mace 34 was to maintain formation and to deconflict from Mace 33 by using an air-to-air Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) system and the aircraft’s fire control radar (FCR). As an additional deconfliction method, Mace 33 and Mace 34 were assigned sanctuary altitudes, separated by 1,000 feet. Mace 33 and Mace 34 had no datalink available. The datalink would have provided pilots with data such as information about the friendly aircraft locations.
Reference trajectory-based coverage analysis method in three-dimensional space for multi-radio integrated navigation systems
Published in International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 2020
Jae Hoon Son, Sang Heon Oh, Dong-Hwan Hwang
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) provides position, velocity, and time of vehicles all over the globe regardless of the weather condition. It is, however, easily affected by jamming and/or spoofing since signal strength is very weak. When GNSS signal is not received due to the intentional interference, the navigation performance can be severely degraded, or it is impossible to have a navigation solution. In order to overcome this situation, anti-jamming/anti-spoofing function has been included in receivers or APNT (Alternative Positioning, Navigation and Timing) systems have been used. Research on backup systems of GNSS using APNT system has been carried out in U.S., UK, and Sweden (Department of Transportation 2007, Paul et al. 2008, Swedish Maritime Administration 2010, Lo et al. 2010, Eldredge et al. 2012). FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) in U.S. planned to construct APNT systems using DME (Distance Measuring Equipment), VOR (Very high-frequency Omni-directional Range) and TACAN (TACtical Air Navigation) to provide air vehicles with navigation information when GPS is not available (McCallie 2011, Federal Aviation Administration 2011, 2014, Kim 2012a, 2012b, Lawrence 2015). In UK, a research for operating eLoran (enhanced Long Range Navigation System) was carried out in the marine environment when GPS signal is not available (Paul et al. 2008). Swedish Maritime Administration had a plan to construct an APNT using DME, VOR, NDB (Non-Directional Beacon), and ILS (Instrument Landing System) (Swedish Maritime Administration, 2009).
Towards Human Objective Real-Time Trust of Autonomy Measures for Combat Aviation
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2023
Patrick Highland, Thomas Schnell, Katharine Woodruff, Gianna Avdic-McIntire
Objective trust indicators of autonomy disengagement, autonomy cross-check ratio, mental workload, and the previously discussed risk to the WVRAC task correlate well with their subjective counterparts. We believe they satisfy the ORTT indicator criteria deemed essential in the literature review for the future trust in combat aviation manned unmanned teams to be appropriate. It is completely plausible that, in the context of a few minutes of dogfighting, a simple trust indicator is adequate for measuring “trust,” meaning that many of the complex concepts discussed in the literature review have minimal to no influence on trust in this very specific WVRAC task. Since the eye tracking cross-check ratio of the autonomy appeared to be a good indicator of trust, it is plausible that calibrated trust, overtrust, and undertrust could be identified solely on a cross-check ratio and risk to the situation. For example, looking at the BM task is appropriate (calibrated trust) when risk is low, as is looking at the AI when risk is high. Looking at the BM task is overtrust when risk is high and looking at the AI is undertrust when risk is low. This brings up another important point; a high technological readiness level HMI such as the cursor on a HOTAS could be used to measure cross-check with the BM task. When it is moving, the EP is cross-checking the BM task. When it is not moving the EP is not cross-checking the BM task. Now with bearing and range available from a radar to determine risk or an AIR-TO-AIR tactical navigation aid (TACAN) in training, trust can be categorized as calibrated trust, overtrust, or undertrust without the use of expensive and complex head and eye trackers.