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Capitalism
Published in Mark W. McElroy, The Space Industry of the Future, 2023
Value retention can also be approached through vehicle life extension. In the aircraft industry, air shipping companies use old converted passenger aircraft for cargo flights. These aircraft are still flightworthy but past their passenger certification. The requirements for a spacecraft human rating are considerably more onerous than for an uncrewed space vehicle. Crewed space hardware may have a life performing uncrewed missions after a human rating has expired. Life extension in any case (crewed or uncrewed) may be enabled also by a reinspection of hardware and/or update to design analyses. Spacecraft servicing is another means of life extension. Approximately, 20 functional satellites are retired each year because they run out of fuel [81]. This is not just a problem of increasing space debris; it has an effect on Earth’s environment. The need to perpetually reproduce new satellites to replace others that still function but are out of fuel drives a continuous high energy, resource-intensive, and waste-intensive production line on Earth. Satellite refueling services can effectively solve this problem.
Space activities, finance and international trade law
Published in Francis Lyall, Paul B. Larsen, Space Law, 2017
The Space Protocol applies only to space assets that can be identified as international interests in accordance with the Cape Town Convention.57 To qualify as a space asset it must first be man-made. Second, it must be uniquely identifiable. Under Protocol, Art. VII, a description of a space asset is satisfactory for that purpose if it describes by item, by type and by a statement that the agreement covers all present and future space assets except for specified items or types. Third, the space asset must be designed and intended to be launched into outer space. Fourth, the space asset must be a spacecraft such as ‘a satellite, space station, space module, space capsule, space vehicle or reusable launch vehicle’ or a payload that can be individually registered, or a part thereof such as a transponder that can be separately registered, ‘including all accessories, parts and equipment and all data, manuals and records relating thereto’.58
Systems approach
Published in John M. Nicholas, Herman Steyn, Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology, 2020
John M. Nicholas, Herman Steyn
To get to the point of “all systems go,” planners must first have defined the overall system and its objectives. Designers must have analyzed the requirements of the system and broken them down into more detailed requirements and have designed the components and subsystems so as to meet those requirements. They must then have built and combined the components into subsystems and the subsystem into the total system composed of space vehicle, rocket boosters, launch facilities, ground support, crew selection and training, and technical and management capability. In the end, every component and person must be assigned a role and be integrated into a subsystem that has been integrated into the overall system.
Numerical study on jet noise suppression with water injection during one-nozzle launch vehicle lift-off
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2022
Chenglong Xing, Guigao Le, Hanyu Deng
Launch vehicles are space vehicles composed of multi-stage rockets, which can carry payloads such as artificial Earth satellites, manned spacecrafts, space stations and space probes into predetermined orbits. During the ignition and take-off phase of the launch vehicle, the exhaust gas jet from the liquid propulsion engine can cause severe acoustic loads on the ground launch equipment and the launch vehicle (Ahuja et al., 2014; Gao & Fu, 2012; Yu et al., 2014). At the same time, the gas jet impinges on the launch pad, deflector and ground; and the disturbance generated in the impact area as well as the shear layer of the flow field near the wall induces an increase in the acoustic load (Kandula, 2008; Nonomura et al., 2016). This can cause adverse effects such as interference to the astronauts and their precision instruments and equipment in the cabin, and induces launch safety accidents in serious cases. Therefore, reducing the acoustic load is of great significance to improve and enhance launch safety.