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Launch Vehicles, Propulsion Systems, and Payloads
Published in Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell, An Introduction to the Spaceport Industry, 2020
Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell
In the U.S., NASA conducts experiments using sounding rockets launched from Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, Poker Flat Research Range in Alaska, and Andøya Rocket Range in Norway (United States Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation 2018). Around the world, however, India’s ISRO launches the Rohini sounding rockets or others similar in design from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) or Sriharikota. German universities with DLR support launch sounding rockets from Esrange Space Center in Sweden (Space Foundation 2017). Arion 1, currently under development by PLD Space, will launch from INTA-CEDEA launch site near Seville, Spain (PLD Space 2018).
Hybrid nanofluid flow close to a stagnation point past a porous shrinking sheet
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Sudipta Ghosh, Swati Mukhopadhyay, Kuppalapalle Vajravelu
Stagnation-point flow relates the motion of a liquid close to the stagnation area of a hard surface that can be found equally for motionless, moving bodies in a flow. Hiemenz [19] first pointed out the stagnation-point flow in twodimensions over a motionless semi-infinite partition. Through appropriate transformations, he reduced the governing equations to nonlinear differential equations with a single independent variable. For chemically reactive solute distribution, Mukhopadhyay [20] considered magnetic effects on the flow close to a stagnation-point past a stretched porous surface with a partial slip. The flow due to a shrinking surface has a significant relevance in many industrial processes, viz. paper production, drawing of wire, fiber glass manufacturing, removal of polymer, hot rolling, etc. By observing these applications, many researchers continued their research work on reducing surface. The flow past a reducing surface is completely dissimilar from a stretching surface. It is fundamentally a rearward flow, as examined by Goldstein [21]. The augmentation of the odd type of flow, due to the reducing surface, was noticed by Wang [22]. Later, Wang [23] considered a two-dimensional fluid flow close to a stagnation point due to the shrinking of a surface. Ishak et al. [24] considered a micropolar fluid flow close to a stagnation point on the way to a shrinking sheet. Khan et al. [25] considered a flow near a stagnation point over an infinite leaky wall. Fang and Zhang [26] investigated the flow over a reducing sheet analytically. Noor et al. [27] found non-perturbative solutions for the flow due to the shrinking of a surface. For the flow due to the shrinking of a surface, Nazar et al. [28] explored the nanofluid flow near a stagnation point. Bhattacharyya et al. [29] pointed out the influences of slip-on flow past a shrinking sheet close to a stagnation point. The MHD flow of nanofluid near a stagnation point over an extending/shrinking surface in convective condition at the boundary was considered by Nandy and Mahapatra [30]. Sheikholeslami and Rohini [31] reported the influences of Coulomb force for the flow over a shrinking surface. Malvandi et al. [32] examined a nanofluid flow close to a stagnation point due to an extending/reducing sheet during suction or blowing. Khashiie et al. [33] investigated the mixed nanofluid flow past an extending/reducing cylinder using thermal stratification. Considering Cu-Al2O3/Water, Anuar et al. [34] analyzed the mixture nanofluid flow past an extending/reducing sheet in the stagnation point region accompanied by uniform/varied chemical reaction, convective boundary condition, and magnetic field. Taking Cu-Al2O3/Water, Zainal et al. [35] explored the unsteady stagnation point flow of a hybrid nanofluid past a convectively heated extending/reducing sheet with slip.