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Air Traffic Control System
Published in Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić, Introduction to the Air Transport System, 2022
Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić
Radar control system is a method of providing air traffic control services and is applied within controlled airspace for identification, tracking, guidance, and safe separation of aircraft in all phases of flight. This system uses data from radar, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS—B), and Multilateration (MLAT) system for providing the surveillance service (ICAO Doc 4444 2016). When surveillance systems are used (based on radar, ADS-B, or MLAT), the minimum separation prescribed by ICAO Doc 4444 is 5 NM. This minimum may be reduced by the appropriate ATS authority, but not below: 3 NM when the surveillance systems’ capabilities at a given location permit this;2.5 NM between succeeding aircraft which are established on the same final approach track within 10 NM of the runway threshold. Several additional criteria must be met to apply this separation minimum (described in detail in ICAO Doc 4444 8.7.3.2 b).
Surveillance
Published in Vincent P. Galotti, The Future Air Navigation System (FANS), 2019
A more advanced form of surveillance however, and what is more commonly used in busy continental airspace and in the vicinity of busy aerodromes, is radar. As the ATC system has developed throughout the world, radar has become the most important tool used by air traffic controllers for surveillance of aircraft and weather. Radar allows the position of an aircraft to be presented on a radar display, where an air traffic controller provides radar control. Radar control is preferable to non-radar or procedural control, however, radar equipment must be purchased and maintained, which is not always feasible or possible, especially where traffic is not dense enough, or where it is physically impracticable, such as over the ocean or in the desert.
Surveillance
Published in Vincent P. Galotti, The Future Air Navigation System (FANS), 2019
A more advanced form of surveillance however, and what is more commonly used in busy continental airspace and in the vicinity of busy aerodromes, is radar. As the ATC system has developed throughout the world, radar has become the most important tool used by air traffic controllers for surveillance of aircraft and weather. Radar allows the position of an aircraft to be presented on a radar display, where an air traffic controller provides radar control. Radar control is preferable to nonradar or procedural control, however, radar equipment must be purchased and maintained, which is not always feasible or possible, especially where traffic is not dense enough, or where it is physically impracticable, such as over the ocean or in the desert.
Why do Controllers Choose the Conflict Resolution Maneuvers that They Do?
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2022
Fitri Trapsilawati, Christopher D. Wickens, Muhammad Kusumawan Herliansyah, Mifta Priani Fatika Sari, Gharsina Tissamodie
The increase in air traffic density will lead to a high possibility of air traffic conflict. A conflict is defined as the violation of aircraft separation minima. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards for the North Atlantic Region (ICAO, 2019), which covers nearly the entire oceanic airspace, an aircraft must be separated from other traffic aircraft by 1,000 ft vertically. This vertical separation standard can be set lower in the terminal radar control (TRACON) area. By contrast, the lateral separation standard is 5 and 3 NM for the en-route and TRACON environments, respectively (FAA, 2020). Air traffic controllers (ATCOs) must ensure the orderly management of traffic flow according to the flight plans shared among airspace users and strictly meet such separation constraints.
Reducing waste in manufacturing operations: bi-objective scheduling on a single-machine with coupled-tasks
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Corentin Le Hesran, Aayush Agarwal, Anne-Laure Ladier, Valérie Botta-Genoulaz, Valérie Laforest
Other works concern different objective functions or extensions of the problem. Focusing on radar control, Winter and Baptiste (2007) develop two heuristics and a local-search algorithm for a problem with lower and upper bounded time-lags, the objective function being the total cost minimisation of the delay between an operation's ideal starting time versus its real starting time. Simonin et al. (2011) study the acquisition and treatment of data by torpedoes, and propose an algorithm for minimising the makespan in a coupled-tasks problem with precedence constraints on treatment tasks . Sequence dependence in the coupled-tasks scheduling problem is introduced by Blazewicz (2010) who studies the cases of general and in-out precedence constraints tree.
Leverage points: insights from a field study in the air traffic control system
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2020
Stathis Malakis, Tom Kontogiannis
In the field study, nine operational controllers participated holding terminal approach radar control ratings. Three controllers had more than 10 years of experience and six had less than 10 years (mean operational experience = 14.22 years, SD = 9.93 years). All controllers were holding tower, approach procedural (non-radar) and radar ratings and seven of them were instructors. One of the instructors was an assessor. The field study has recorded a total of 92 scenarios or cases where controllers used a variety of leverage points. Further information on the research setting and the simulator scenarios has been provided in another study by Malakis et al. (2020).