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The Display of Visual, Auditory, and Tactual Information
Published in Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 2018
Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha
Military pilots often fly under very different conditions from commercial airline pilots. Military pilots may occasionally be required to take evasive action, fly in close formation with other planes, or engage another plane in aerial combat. Sometimes, then, the few seconds that a military pilot spends looking at his or her instrument panel instead of the scene outside the cockpit windshield may have life or death consequences. To allow the pilot to continuously monitor events as they unfold outside the cockpit, the military developed the HUD. An HUD is a virtual imaging display of collimated light images projected onto the windshield in front of the pilot (see Figure 8.14; Crawford & Neal, 2006). HUDs were introduced into fighter aircraft in the 1960s, and by the 1970s, all fighter aircraft in the U.S. were equipped with HUDs. Since then, HUDs have been installed on some commercial aircraft, automobiles, and video games (Caroux & Isbister, 2016).
Head-Up Display
Published in Cary R. Spitzer, Uma Ferrell, Thomas Ferrell, Digital Avionics Handbook, 2017
Robert B. Wood, Peter J. Howells
Commercial HUD systems used for low-visibility operations often require some pilot-selectable data not available on any aircraft system bus as well as a means for the pilot to control the display mode. Some HUD operators prefer to use an existing flight deck control panel, for example, a multipurpose control display unit (MCDU), for HUD data entry and control. Other operators prefer a stand-alone control panel, dedicated to the HUD function. Figure 17.16 shows a stand-alone HUD control panel certified for use in CAT IIIa HUD systems.
Situational Awareness
Published in David G. Newman, Flying Fast Jets, 2014
The HUD is now considered to be the primary flight display (PFD) for the fast jet pilot. The HUD displays heading, altitude and airspeed information. It also contains a pitch ladder, as in a traditional attitude indicator, a horizon line, a bank angle scale, as well as navigation and communication data (such as distance to waypoint, course deviation indicator, radio frequencies selected, and so on). A flight path marker known as the velocity vector is also displayed. The velocity vector is an important component of the HUD data. This indicates to the pilot where the actual trajectory of the aircraft is, which for an agile fast jet might be in a different direction to the nose attitude of the aircraft. The nose of the aircraft may be 20 degrees high, but if this is at a low airspeed the velocity vector might indicate that the aircraft is descending. The velocity vector thus gives the pilot very powerful information as to the state of the aircraft in trajectory terms, which is clearly vital to good SA, especially in the stress of an air-to-air engagement.
Use of Highways in the Sky and a virtual pad for landing Head Up Display symbology to enable improved helicopter pilots situation awareness and workload in degraded visual conditions
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Neville A. Stanton, Katherine L. Plant, Aaron P. Roberts, Craig K. Allison
Despite the operational limitations of rotary-wing craft, demand for their use, both within military and civilian operations, is ever increasing, with such craft potentially forming a cornerstone in the integrated transport systems of the future (Stanton et al. 2016). Future technology could play a key role in overcoming the limitations of current rotary-wing operational windows (Andre et al. 1991). One technology that has seen considerable development is the use of synthetic vision systems (Prinzel et al. 2004). Synthetic vision systems can enable flights in degraded visual conditions without the pilot needing a direct view of their external environment (Foyle, Kaiser, and Johnson 1992). One way of presenting synthetic vision information to pilots is via the use of a Head Up Display (HUD). A HUD, as used with rotary-wing setting, is a glass mounted panel in the pilots forward visual field displaying flight information, most commonly 2D traditional flight references (e.g. airspeed) and may potentially present a 3D (conformal) graphical representation of the external environment (Prinzel et al. 2004; Swail and Jennings 1999; Thomas and Wickens 2004). HUDs can allow a pilot to fly eyes out without the need to transfer their gaze to instruments in the cockpit (Stanton et al. 2016), enhancing their understanding of the current environment and subsequent levels of situation awareness as well as optimising workload (Fadden, Ververs, and Wickens 1998; Snow and French 2002; Snow and Reising 1999).
Head-up displays assist helicopter pilots landing in degraded visual environments
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2018
Neville A. Stanton, Aaron P. Roberts, Katherine L. Plant, Craig K. Allison, Catherine Harvey
A HUD, within a helicopter operation context, is a glass mounted panel in the pilot's near visual field that displays flight information, typically 2D traditional flight references (e.g. airspeed) and may potentially present a 3D (conformal) graphical representation of the external environment within an augmented display (Swail and Jennings 1999; Thomas and Wickens 2004; Prinzel III et al. 2004). A HUD allows a pilot to fly ‘eyes out’ rather than switching attention to head-down displays (HDDs inside the cockpit. Presentation of information in a HUD can optimise workload and increase situation awareness as there is less dissociation between the pilots’ task of flying and navigating (Snow and Reising 1999; Ververs and Wickens 1998; Snow and French 2002; Heiligers, Van Holten, and Mulder 2009). The presentation of synthetic environmental information in a HUD compared to a HDD has been shown to improve pilot performance (Prinzel III et al. 2004). Conformal symbology leads to faster detection response to changes within the symbology and improved flight-path tracking accuracy (Fadden, Ververs, and Wickens 1998; Snow and French 2002). Real flight studies found that conformal symbology provides improved path control and situation awareness in terrain-challenged operating environments (Prinzel III et al. 2002). The current work developed and assessed the usefulness of a HUD with 2D flight symbology and 3D perspective-view symbology. The use of such technologies is widespread in fixed-wing aircraft and the military domain but is very rare in civilian rotary-wing aircraft (Doehler, Lüken, and Lantzsch 2009; Theunissen et al. 2005).