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Flood Mapping, Monitoring, and Damage Assessment
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Vaibhav Garg, Shivani Pathak, Jyoti Rathour, Saeid Eslamian
Almost everything – humans, animals, objects, activities, and processes – is exposed to floods during the disaster. It is called flood exposure or elements at risk (Villagran de Leon, 2006). These elements are classified as physical, economic, social, and environmental in general terms (ADPC, 2004). However, based on their exposure to flooding, these elements are also grouped as direct tangible, direct intangible, indirect tangible, and indirect intangible (Gain et al., 2015). The land use land cover (LULC) map generated using optical remote sensing data through digital image processing techniques may be used to identify direct tangible elements such as settlements, crops, forests, etc. (van der Sande et al., 2003; Dewan and Yamaguchi, 2008; de Moel and Aerts, 2010; Thakur et al., 2012). Furthermore, it is most important to identify the type of infrastructure exposed to the flood from a vulnerability analysis point of view. In the present era of remote sensing, very high spatial resolution data is available from many sensors (Ikonos, World View, Quick Bird, Geo Eye, Cartosat, etc.). Using these very high spatial resolution data, the user can identify and map critical elements such as important buildings (hospitals, schools, etc.), roads, railway lines, airports, villages, etc. easily. These elements then can again be classified as physical (communication infrastructure, critical facilities, etc.) or economic (commercial, industrial, etc.). Furthermore, a geospatial database on some social or direct intangible elements such as population as per income group in the region, type of house, population (urban, rural, human, animal, etc.), age of people, literacy, etc. can be generated in the GIS platform (Liu and Clarke, 2002; Taubenböck et al., 2010; Wurm et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2014). Moreover, a database can also be developed with respect to the environmental elements (critical water bodies in the region, parks, reserve forests, etc.) (van der Sande et al., 2003). Similarly, the indirect tangible (e.g., agricultural damage) or intangible (e.g., spread of disease) elements may also be mapped or their database may be generated using the geospatial technology.
DEM fusion concept based on the LS-SVM cokriging method
Published in International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 2019
Andie Setiyoko, Aniati Murni Arymurthy, T Basaruddin
Cartosat-1 is a passive satellite that acquires stereo imagery from the earth’s surface, developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation in order to develop a global coverage high-resolution satellite image and DEM database. Another type of data for the fusion processing were height points collected by using stop and go geodetic GPS differential measurement. In this experiment, the height points were cropped in order to examine the proposed method (Table 1).