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Emergency procedures
Published in Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague, Domesticating Drones, 2016
Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague
Autorotation is an aerodynamic phenomenon in which the upward flow of air through rotor blades causes the blades to spin and to generate lift despite the absence of torque from the propulsion system. Without power the aircraft descends rapidly, making autorotation possible. The phenomenon was first analyzed in the nineteenth century by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, most famous for first formulating a theory of electromagnetic radiation. Maxwell developed the aerodynamic theory of autorotation based on longstanding observations by others who watched maple seeds falling from a tree spin as they fall to the ground.
Investigating Offshore Helicopter Pilots’ Cognitive Load and Physiological Responses during Simulated In-Flight Emergencies
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2021
All test data were collected from the left seat (FOs position) in a certified Level D Sikorsky S-92 flight simulator (CAE Inc. Montreal, Canada). Participants performed six standardized in-flight emergency response scenarios (autorotation in day and night conditions, engine failure post-critical decision point after departing an offshore oil installation in day and night conditions, and single engine overspeed during departure from the heliport in day and night conditions). The scenarios were developed in consultation with a Senior Flight Instructor and were designed to incorporate specific events that are tested in the simulator on a regular basis. Scenarios were also selected for aspects of a perceived increase in mental workload that required the pilots to scan for and incorporate information from the primary flight display. Scenario durations were between ~90 and 150 seconds. As with standard training/evaluation protocol, the pilots were informed of which scenario would be completed prior to the starting sequence. In contrast to standard training/evaluation protocol, pilots were not provided with feedback from the right seat pilot or research team members regarding performance. To reduce the possibility of an order effect, each scenario was randomly assigned during the ~40 minute testing session.
Learning beyond ‘hands and feet’ in offshore helicopter operations: integrating the individual with the social in CRM and SA
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2020
Michael John Taber, Nancy Taber
Assessing the generality or specificity of an individual’s ability to consolidate environmental and internal information to perceive, comprehend, and predict is difficult, even under the most controlled conditions. Conducting focused CRM training/testing exercises within a high fidelity helicopter simulator (e.g. autorotation, hovering, ditching) could provide insight into how and what information is used during an in-flight emergency decision making process; however, there should also be a process in which an evaluation of general cue integration takes place. For example, Flin and Slaven (1995) suggest that selecting individuals with the ‘right stuff’ needed to respond to emergency situations includes not only the specific aspects of the emergency, but also the evaluation of qualities such as leadership ability, remaining calm, managing stress in self and others, and communication skills.
Experimental control from wake induced autorotation with applications to energy harvesting
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
James Araneo, Bong Jae Chung, Mathew Cristaldi, Joseph Pateras, Ashwin Vaidya, Rachmadian Wulandana
Flow past a rigid body gives rise to a host of bifurcations depending on the characteristic Reynolds number of the system. The flow past an immersed body transitions from steady symmetric flow to periodic unsteady flow where the wake vortices vary periodically in amplitude and frequency with increasing flow speed. In a system like ours, where the cylinder is fixed but free to rotate about a fixed axis, autorotation of the cylinder is induced when the initial ‘activation energy’ experienced by the body, due to the flow, is sufficiently large. The Riabouchinsky curve (Riabouchinsky 1935) indicates that the requirement for a sustained (i.e. stable) autorotation with constant speed is that and . Here refers to the torque on the spinning body, , the angular velocity and is the particular angular speed at which autorotation can occur. Lugt (1980) suggested the following requirements for autorotation of a body: (i) synchronization between vortex-shedding frequency and the angular speed of the body, (ii) a powerful attached wake vortex on “the retreating edge” of the body, (iii) a body with sharp edges which also favors requirement (ii) and (iv) the quantitative condition where is the spin parameter and is the nondimensional inertia of the body.