Preventive Health Strategies: Evaluating Current Information on Exercise and Nutrition
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair in Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
The main types of physical activity or exercise are aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic exercise includes activities that raise your heart and breathing rates and increase the body’s demand for oxygen; for example, fast walking, jogging, biking, dancing, swimming, tennis, and rowing are all aerobic forms of activity. Anaerobic exercise requires intense muscular exertion and is generally performed in short bouts; for example, weight training, sprinting, or swinging a golf club are all forms of anaerobic activities. Both forms of exercise are important. Aerobic exercise helps to keep the cardiovascular system in shape while anaerobic exercise conditions the musculoskeletal system. Regular physical activity or exercise, supported by a healthy diet, can affect many of the risk factors for chronic disease and functional deterioration.
Psychological Effects of Exercise for Disease Resistance and Health Promotion
Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger in Exercise and Disease, 2020
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) classifies exercise into three types: (1) cardiorespiratory of aerobic endurance, (2) muscular strength and endurance, and (3) flexibility. The majority of studies of exercise and depression have examined supervised programmatic exercise consistent with ACSM guidelines. Most have used aerobic exercise such as running, swimming, or bicycling. A few have investigated anaerobic exercise defined as weight training or vigorous sports. The author is unaware of studies using flexibility training as an intervention. Epidemiological definitions of exercise24 measured by global estimates of energy expenditure or the frequency, intensity, and duration of free-living activity, regardless of type, must also be considered if the effectiveness of exercise as an effective health-promoting behavior is to be established.
Exercise Effects in Cognition and Motor Learning
Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner in The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
Exercise is often described in terms of its type and duration. Types of exercise include aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic exercise is defined as sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung function, resulting in improved oxygen transport to the body’s cells, and includes activities such as running, walking, swimming, and cycling (Armstrong & Welsman 2007). On the other hand, anaerobic exercise is performed in the absence of oxygen, which includes both sprints and resistance and strength training. In research, typical exercise durations studied in humans include acute and chronic exercise. Acute exercise studies utilize a single session of aerobic exercise that occurs immediately preceding the measured outcome. Studies of chronic effects, on the other hand, examine how repeated, regular, long-term aerobic exercise activity relates to the dependent variables of interest (Coles & Tomporowski 2008; Hillman et al. 2009; Tomporowski, Davis, Lambourne, Gregoski, & Tkacz 2008; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer 2008; van Praag 2009).
Short-Term Mediterranean Diet Improves Endurance Exercise Performance: A Randomized-Sequence Crossover Trial
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Michelle E. Baker, Kristen N. DeCesare, Abby Johnson, Kathleen S. Kress, Cynthia L. Inman, Edward P. Weiss
Anaerobic exercise performance was measured with the Wingate anaerobic cycle test. The test was performed on a computer-controlled, electronically-braked cycle ergometer (Velotron with Wingate test software, version 1.0, RacerMate, Inc.). Participants warmed up for several minutes by pedaling on the cycle ergometer at a low power (30–80 watts). During a 10-second acceleration phase of the test, the participants increased pedal rate to a “fast” pace without resistance; then, to start the test, a resistance load equivalent to 75 g/kg body weight was applied to the ergometer, and the participants pedaled as hard and fast as possible for a full 30 seconds. Computer-generated outcomes from the test included absolute values for mean and peak power, mean and peak power relative to body weight, and total work performed (33).
Does circadian rhythm have an impact on anaerobic performance, recovery and muscle damage?
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Şaban Ünver, Tülin Atan
Exercise reduces cellular adenosine triphosphate, which leads to an increase in cellular permeability. Increased cellular permeability causes change in the serum levels of skeletal muscle originated enzymes, such as AST, LDH, CK, and aldolase (Ozturk 2009). We examined muscle damage markers and other biochemical parameters (CK, LDH, AST, troponin, and CRP) both before and after anaerobic exercise according to the CR. We did not find a significant difference in the blood parameters among the three test times. Even though we failed to reveal a significant test-time difference in muscle damage markers and other biochemical parameters, there could be an effect of CR on these variables. Because these parameters ordinarily vary within a very narrow range during the day, the observed small changes are clinically important, if not statistically significant.
Chronotype and quality of sleep in alpine skiers
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Marco Costa, Matteo Re
Evidence suggests that chronotype has a significant impact on cognitive performance and physical activity in sports. Most current research suggests that the best athletic performance occurs in the late afternoon-early evening, matching the peak of core body temperature (Kline et al. 2007). In contrast, sport performance is suggested to be impaired when core body temperature is at its lowest (Waterhouse et al. 2005). Teo et al. (2011) have shown that higher core body temperature tends to facilitate actin-myosin cross bridging in skeletal muscles. Other studies have shown that muscular strength, regardless of the muscle group, peaks in the late afternoon/early evening. A similar trend has also been reported for anaerobic exercise and short-term power (see Rosenthal et al. 2001).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Aerobic Exercise
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Glucose
- Heart Rate
- Lactic Acid
- Skeletal Muscle
- Muscle Cell
- Glycolysis
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- High-Intensity Interval Training