Quality and safety of healthcare
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter in Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
Vitally, though, the Toyota approach puts great emphasis on preventing recurrence of problems by examining the causes and taking appropriate countermeasures to correct them. Countermeasures are grouped into those involving machinery and equipment, and those involving the process flow. Toyota always seeks to find the root cause of problems. The company encourages staff to keep asking, ‘Why?’ Experience has been that finding the real cause will require ‘Why?’ to be asked at least five times before the problem is truly understood and action taken to stop it from recurring. When the pull cords were first installed, they were pulled several times in every shift. But as time went on and the underlying problems were dealt with, the line ran more smoothly and the pull cords were needed less frequently.
Addressing Security, Privacy and Efficiency Issues in Healthcare Systems
Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami in Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
This chapter explains the issues related to the security of a home healthcare system, from assurance and administration to authorization, accountability and availability. We give a brief introduction to each of the security countermeasures. To gain an understanding of the level of difficulty in implementing security mechanisms, we provide a detailed description of how to implement a key management protocol for sensors. The chapter begins with a brief description of the general architecture and service platforms used for healthcare sensor systems.
Behavioral and Environmental Countermeasures
Clete A. Kushida in Sleep Deprivation, 2004
This chapter will review all of the behavioral and environmental interventions that may act as countermeasures to the disruptive effects of sleep loss on waking function. The literature addressing this question is very limited, not well organized, and quite diverse. Many questions remain unanswered. Before reviewing the evidence regarding countermeasures, we will provide a conceptual analysis of the issues surrounding them.
Ionizing radiation-induced risks to the central nervous system and countermeasures in cellular and rodent models
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Eloise Pariset, Sherina Malkani, Egle Cekanaviciute, Sylvain V. Costes
Current approaches to CNS radioprotection usually consist of eliminating radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing DNA protection and repair, and targeting the downstream effects by limiting inflammation and increasing cell survival and tissue repair. In general, countermeasures can be classified as either primarily protective or mitigative (Rosenthal et al. 2011), depending on the timing of the administration. Radioprotectors are given prior to irradiation as preventive measures, while mitigators refer to treatments started after irradiation, prior to clinical evidence of radiation injury. Here we focus on five typical countermeasures, each of which can be either primarily protective (e.g. reducing DNA damage) or mitigative (e.g. stimulating tissue repair), or combine both effects (e.g. reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, increasing cell survival) (Table 1).
Injury severity analysis of two-vehicle crashes at unsignalized intersections using mixed logit models
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2022
Renteng Yuan, Jing Gan, Zhipeng Peng, Qiaojun Xiang
From the perspective of vehicle characteristics, vehicles slowing or stopping in the lane being struck are the most likely to suffer a serious crash. Countermeasures can be considered, such as vegetation control to keep signs visible to drivers, intensify investigation and punishment, and improve driver’s safety awareness. Occupants in slowing vehicles being struck at three-legged intersections are more likely to suffer serious injuries. In addition to lowering the speed limit and warnings about the location of intersections, another effective approach would be to require an increase in the range and frequency of random police enforcement patrols at three-legged unsignalized intersections. Turn-right vehicles being struck are more likely to have more serious crashes than striking other vehicles. The finding suggests that turn-right drivers should pay more attention to vehicles going straight ahead in the target lane. As the safety of vehicles turning right is often overlooked, transportation management should take measures to strengthen drivers’ safety consciousness, such as awareness campaigns, media, and mandatory workshops (Rahimi et al., 2020).
Centralised Full Access to Clinical Study Data Can Support Unbiased Guideline Development, Continuing Medical Education, and Patient Information
Published in Journal of European CME, 2021
Natalie McGauran, Beate Wieseler
The existence of publication bias and selective reporting bias (“non-reporting bias” [1]) in clinical research and the related effects, namely, the overestimation of benefits and underestimation of harms, have been extensively studied and repeatedly confirmed [2–5]. Several countermeasures have been introduced in the past decades. Earlier ones included a-priori study registration as a precondition for publication in scientific journals in 2004 [6] and mandatory registration of studies and summaries of study results in the USA in 2007 [7]. However, compliance with legal requirements, especially results registration, is still insufficient, particularly in publicly funded research [8,9]. On the other hand, industry-funded research is associated, among other things, with more positive conclusions [10,11].
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