Carbohydrates
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
These compounds are mostly sugar alcohols like xylitol and sorbitol that yield fewer calories than sugar because they are incompletely absorbed or metabolised; they typically yield 40–60% of the energy of an equivalent weight of sucrose. They can be used in similar amounts to sugar in some food products and they add not just sweetness but also the textural and mouthfeel properties of sugar. They may be used in combination with intense artificial sweeteners to boost their sweetness and reduce the amount that is needed. These sugar replacers do not promote dental caries and because they are only slowly and partially absorbed, they do not cause the same large rises in blood glucose and insulin that sugar does, which may be particularly useful for diabetics. However, if they are eaten in large amounts, then because of their limited absorption, large amounts of them may enter the large bowel. This can have an osmotic effect and increase bacterial fermentation leading to diarrhoea and flatulence and so they are not used to sweeten soft drinks.
Celiac Disease in Infancy and Childhood
Tadeusz P. Chorzelski, Ernst H. Beutner, Vijay Kumar, Tadeusz K. Zalewski in Serologic Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, 2020
A number of oral tolerance tests have been helpful in the evaluation of absorptive function. The oral absorption of the pentose sugar D-xylose has been one of the more widely available screening tests. D-Xylose undergoes active transport through the small intestinal brush border region of mature epithelial cells of the duodenum and proximal jejunum.2 It is given in a standard 5-g dose for children weighing <30 kg, and a 1-h serum sample is assayed for the concentration of the sugar.57 Values <20 mg/dl indicate malabsorption secondary to villous atrophy. However, the test may be ab-normal in other conditions associated with mucosal atrophy, and false negative and positive results occur.10,15,44 Other oral tolerance tests which measure intestinal permeability and are based on the differential intestinal absorption of two nonmetabolizable sugars have emerged recently. A monosaccharide such as mannose or rhamnose which requires diffusion for absorption is given in solution with a poorly absorbable disaccharide such as lactulose or cello-biose. In conditions of mucosal atrophy, the monosaccharide absorption is decreased secondary to a decrease in intestinal surface area while the absorption of the larger molecule is reported to be increased or at least normal.17,51,54 The increased sugar permeability returns to normal following treatment with a gluten-free diet.34 The permeability tests are interesting, but have the same nonspecificity for celiac disease as many other nonimmunological screening tests.
Hyperthermia in oncology and nontoxic integrative treatments
Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee in Hyperthermia in Oncology, 2015
Modern research has proved that the glycemic index in diet shows positive correlations with the occurrence of cancer. The glycemic indexes of refined sugar and cereals are usually high, totaling over 75. The refined rice and flour that are usually consumed are the main sources of carbohydrates. Because of the removal of wheat germ and wheat bran, the cellulose in the refined powder is reduced by 78%, vitamin B and vitamin E are reduced by 74%, and mineral substances are reduced by 69%, compared with the unprocessed varieties. Comparison research in America has found that the risks of esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and carcinoma of the large intestine increase with the rise of glycemic index in the diet.
Radiation induced mutagenesis, physio-biochemical profiling and field evaluation of mutants in sugarcane cv. CoM 0265
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Madhavi V. Purankar, Ashok A. Nikam, Rachayya M. Devarumath, Suprasanna Penna
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) contributes nearly 70% of raw table sugar worldwide. Besides, it is considered as the first generation biofuel crop with several important industrial products like bagasse, molasses, and filler cakes. Sugarcane crop improvement programs are undertaken through conventional breeding methods for higher yield, sucrose content, and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance but limitations such as a complex genome, poor fertility and long duration required for breeding and selection cycles make further improvement a difficult task (Yasmin et al. 2011; Mirajkar et al. 2019). It is hence desirable to reduce selection cycles to generate breeding material for use in crop improvement. Among the different traits for sugarcane improvement, salt tolerance assumes importance since it has become a global problem affecting more than 20% of irrigated land worldwide. Under salinity, every single unit increase in soil EC causes a 14% decrease in estimated sugarcane yield (Nelson and Ham 2000; Rietz and Haynes 2002). In India, out of 192 million hectares of net cropped area (Land Use Statistics 2017–2018), 6.727 mha are salt-affected soil areas (Mandal 2016). Salinity affects plant growth via physiological drought and ion toxicity leading to metabolite toxicity, membrane disorganization, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Munns 2011). Sugarcane is a glycophyte and is moderately sensitive to salt stress and the negative effects of salt stress viz. decrease in chlorophyll content, water potential, growth, juice quality, and yield (Lingle and Wiegand 1997; Wiedenfeld 2008; Gomathi et al. 2010).
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation, occurrence and potential health concerns: recent developments
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ankit Choudhary, Vikas Kumar, Satish Kumar, Ishrat Majid, Poonam Aggarwal, Sheenam Suri
Considering HMF as a product of caramelization in biscuit baking, the effect of sugar type on HMF content was studied considering four types of sugar, i) sucrose, ii) glucose and fructose, iii) only glucose and iv) only fructose. HMF content was found to be maximum in a mixture of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) (Nguyen et al.2016). The same study was extended to check the effect of the ratio of glucose and fructose added to HMF content and it was observed that HMF content increased with the decline in glucose and an increase in fructose concentration i.e. it is inversely correlated with glucose-fructose ratio (Nguyen and Van Boekel 2017). Helou et al. (2016) reported that lower baking temperatures and extended baking time produce lower amounts of HMF and hence, optimum production of nutritional white bread. Another study checked the effect of the baking technique used for Kaiser rolls on its HMF content. HMF was found to be high in which dough was prebaked as compare to the frozen dough (Mikulec et al.2018). HMF content was also found to be dependent on the addition of hemp flour for the formation of white bread. HMF content decreased with an increase in the amount of hemp flour added (Mikulec et al.2018).
Hepatic susceptibility to oxidative damage after repeated concomitant exposure to aspartame and aflatoxin B1 in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Naieli Schiefelbein Souto, Micheli Dassi, Ana Cláudia Monteiro Braga, Érica Vanessa Furlan Rosa, Michele Rechia Fighera, Luiz Fernando Freire Royes, Mauro Schneider Oliveira, Marcel Henrique Marcondes Sari, Ana Flávia Furian
Aspartame (ASP) is one of the most used artificial sweeteners in the world. It has a high sweetness potential, which is 180–200 times greater than sucrose. Besides, it is cheaper than sugar and is an attractive alternative for manufacturers (Figlewicz et al. 2009, Marinovich et al. 2013). In this sense, ASP is incorporated into around six thousand products, including soft drinks, frozen dessert, yogurt, chewable multivitamins, and breakfast cereals. It is also used in about 600 pharmaceutical products and is, therefore, consumed by millions of people worldwide (Butchko and Stargel 2001, Rencüzoğullari et al. 2004, Magnuson et al. 2007, Marinovich et al. 2013, Lee and Ryu 2017, Rushing and Selim 2019). Approximately 50% of the aspartame molecule is metabolized in phenylalanine, 40% in aspartic acid and 10% in methanol. Since its approval in 1965, studies have been demonstrating several toxic manifestations in different tissues and organs including liver, kidney and brain (Simintzi et al. 2007, Abhilash et al. 2011, Ashok and Sheeladevi 2015, Ashok et al. 2017).