Hair Styling/Fixative Products
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Consumers generally evaluate a foam product by various subjective criteria. Some are interested in how quickly a foam breaks (stability of the foam), others desire a rich luxurious product, while still others want a stiff foam that “scrunches” when they touch it. As stated previously in this chapter, the major ingredients and their proportion in the formulation will have a major impact on the foam’s characteristics. The solvent, type of propellant, and selection of surfactant(s) can all alter the foam stability. To produce longer-lasting, stable foams, a relatively high level of a mixed surfactant system may be needed. Mousses do not require lengthy foam stability; ideally, the foam should break very quickly when worked into the hair. This is achieved by utilizing lower amounts of surfactant and choosing those which are nonionic in nature. In-creasing the proportion of alcohol will generally tend to decrease the stability of the mousse foam. The perceived richness of a foam may be evaluated quantitatively by measuring the foam density.
Pathological Processes of the Eye Related to Chemical Exposure
David W. Hobson in Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
A third group of chemicals that are immediately irritating are surfactants and detergents. These substances may be either cationic, anionic, or nonionic. The type and severity of surfactant-produced lesions vary according to the chemical characteristics of each surfactant. In general, cationic surfactants are most damaging, anionic are less damaging, and nonionic are the least damaging. Damage caused by these chemicals ranges from evidence of slight discomfort (e.g., stinging) with little or no injury, to corneal edema and loss of corneal epithelium with conjunctival swelling, petechiation, and discharge. Examples of surfactant chemicals are cationic surfactants — benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, and decyltrimethylammonium bromide; anionic surfactants — sodium lauryl sulfate, Ivory® soap, Duponol, Entsufon sodium, and Triton® W 30; nonionic surfactants — Tween, laurithyl, Triton® X 155, Span, Renex, and tridecylhexaethoxylate.4
Comparative Aspects of Pulmonary Surfactant
Jacques R. Bourbon in Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts, 2019
Comparative analysis of isolated surfactant material was undertaken by Harwood et al.41 in lung lavage from ox, rabbit, rat, and sheep and by Shelley et al.42 on lamellar bodies extracted from human, cat, dog, rabbit, and rat lung tissue. Tanaka and Taker43 analyzed both lung lavage and tissue extract in ox, dog, and rabbit. Fujiwara et al.44 have thoroughly compared the phospholipids of an avian and a mammalian surfactant. Using several bibliographic sources, Sanders45 compared the composition of surfactant isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage in seven mammals — man, dog, ox, pig, rat, rabbit, and sheep — two birds — chicken and turkey — and an amphibian — the bullfrog. Data are also available for the guinea pig,46 the marsupial tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii),47 the snake anaconda,48 the turtle (Malaclemys geographica),49 the lizard (Ctenophorus nuchalis),50 the frog (R. pipiens),51 etc.
Pharmacokinetics and drug delivery systems for puerarin, a bioactive flavone from traditional Chinese medicine
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Nanotechnologies have been successfully developed in the past several decades, it’s still a relatively new field to develop drug delivery systems for poor bioavailability drugs due to their limited solubility and absorption. Various nanotechnologies and preparation technologies such as microemulsions and SMEDDS, dendrimers, nanoparticles and nanocrystals were applied to improve the bioavailability of puerarin. Considering the administration route, PAMAM dendrimer is promising to serve as a corneal permeation enhancer in ophthalmic drug delivery system, possessing the ability to increase puerarin solubility and corneal residence time. lipid-based drug delivery systems such as microemulsions and SMEDDS show great advantages to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The choice of surfactants is limited since very few are acceptable for oral administration. Safety is a major determining factor when choosing a surfactant, the nonionic surfactants are the most widely recommended and used ones (Cerpnjak et al., 2013). Nanoparticles comprise of a multitude of various manufactured materials, although several nanoparticles have been approved, some nanoparticles (such as metallic and carbon-based particles) tend to display toxicity (Wolfram et al., 2015). Due to the complexity of compositions, more effective quality evaluations of nanocarriers are required in order to achieve biocompatibility and desired activity. In addition, the safety of nanocarriers in clinical applications need in-depth research.
Orally administered self-emulsifying drug delivery system in disease management: advancement and patents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Vijay Mishra, Pallavi Nayak, Nishika Yadav, Manvendra Singh, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Alaa A. A. Aljabali
It is one of the essential components in the formulation, as they promote the emulsification properties. Surfactants, being amphiphilic in nature, can dissolve (or solubilize) relatively high amounts of hydrophobic drug compounds. The type and concentration of the surfactant showing effect on droplet size of micro- or nano-emulsions. Therefore, two important factors are hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value and concentration of the surfactants [12]. The frequently utilized emulsifiers include Polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), Sorbitan mono oleate (Span 80), Polyoxy-40-hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor RH40), and Polyoxyethylated glycerides (Labrafil M 2125 Cs). In selection of a surfactant, safety is an important factor. Synthetic surfactants are considered to be less safe than the emulsifiers, which are obtained from natural origin. Moreover, these surfactants have a limited capacity for self-emulsification. Emulsifiers from natural sources are seldom employed for the formulation of SEDDS. Ionic surfactants are shown to be more harmful than nonionic surfactants but may induce reversible improvements in intestinal lumen permeability. Normally, to form stable formulations, the surfactant concentration varies from 30 to 60% w/w [13].
Synthesis of long-tail nonionic surfactants and their investigation for vesicle formation, drug entrapment, and biocompatibility
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2020
Imdad Ali, Salim Saifullah, Farid Ahmed, Shafi Ullah, Imkan Imkan, Kashif Hussain, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Raza Shah
Blood haemolysis assay is permanent damage of erythrocytes in blood circulation and is an indicator for potential unsuitability of materials in formulations. Evaluation of haemolytic property is considered a very reliable, simple and most common test for analysing the blood compatibility of materials including nanocarriers. This assay allows one to estimate the irritation potentials of surfactants (Pape et al.1987). The haemolytic potential of the synthesized surfactants SDC-PC, SDC-OC, and SDC-LC was assessed using human RBCs at different concentrations and compared with Tween 80. The results of blood haemolysis assay are depicted in Figure 4 given where it was observed that by increasing the concentration of the surfactant; its haemolysis effect was increased. At highest tested concentration, i.e. 1000 µg/mL, the newly synthesized nonionic surfactants SDC-PC, SDC-OC, SDC-LC, and Tween 80 showed 24.45 ± 3.41, 28.34 ± 3.54, 22.12 ± 3.23, and 31.21 ± 3.44% haemolysis, respectively. The result indicated that the synthesized nonionic surfactants have less haemolytic effects as compared to the commercial surfactant (Tween 80) even at highest tested concentration. Moreover, SDC-LC surfactant with 12 carbon tail showed less haemolysis at all tested concentrations as compared to SDC-PC and SDC-OC. It has been reported that the chain length of aliphatic tail has positive effect on haemolysis with longer chains being more harming to RBCs (Kalhapure and Akamanchi 2012).
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