Oils
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
The term ‘mineral oil’ refers to very highly refined liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum distillates, which are used in medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food packaging, food contact applications and food itself. Other terms often used interchangeably with mineral oil, include ‘liquid petrolatum’, ‘liquid paraffin’, ‘paraffin oil’, ‘medicinal oil’, ‘white oil’, ‘white mineral oil’, ‘food grade oil’, ‘food grade white oil’ and ‘technical white oil’. Mineral oils (medium and low viscosity) are manufactured from crude mineral oils in various refining steps, such as distillation, extraction and crystallization, and are subsequently purified by acid treatment (oleum method) and/or hydrotreatment (catalytic hydrogenation). Mineral oils (medium and low viscosity) are mixtures of highly refined paraffinic and naphthenic liquid hydrocarbons with boiling points greater than 200°C. They are lightweight, inexpensive, odourless and tasteless.
Cosmetic camouflage for pigmentation issues
Dimitris Rigopoulos, Alexander C. Katoulis in Hyperpigmentation, 2017
Oil-based foundations are water-in-oil emulsions, meaning that the ingredient in largest concentration is oil into which the water has been emulsified, usually with a low-concentration surfactant. Since oil is in highest concentration, these foundations are more water resistant and are better suited for camouflaging purposes since they do not slide off the face with perspiration. In addition, higher pigment concentrations can be added into the formulation to better obscure the underlying skin. These products usually contain mineral oil and water. The liquid is spread over the skin, followed by evaporation of the water, leaving behind a thin pigment and oil film. While the water is evaporating, the film can be moved around with a sponge or the fingers to blend into the surrounding skin, which is important when camouflaging localized pigmentation defects. Oil-based foundations also leave the skin with a moist feeling, especially desirable in dry complected patients.
Nanoemulsion Formulations for Tumor-Targeted Delivery
Mansoor M. Amiji in Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Nanoemulsions contain oil phases, surfactants or emulsifiers, active pharmaceutical ingredients (drugs or diagnostic agents), and additives (Table 35.2).5,8–10 The oil phases are mainly natural or synthetic lipids, fatty acids, oils such as medium or long chain triglycerides, or perflurochemicals. Many oils, in particular, those of vegetable origin, are liable to auto-oxidation, and their use in pharmaceutical formulations requires the addition of an antioxidant. The most widely used oils for parenteral applications are purified soybean, corn, castor, peanut, cottonseed, sesame, and safflower oils. Table 35.1 lists some of the oils that can be used for formulating nanoemulsions. Squalene has been reported to be the choice of oil for formulating stable nanoemulsions with smallest droplet size.11 Squalene, biocompatible oil, is a linear hydrocarbon precursor of cholesterol found in many tissues, notably the livers of sharks (Squalus) and other fishes.12 Squalane, a derivative of squalene, is prepared by hydrogenation of squalene and is fully saturated that means that it is not subject to auto-oxidation, an important issue from a stability point of view. Purified mineral oil is used in some W/O emulsion preparations.10 Emulsified perflurochemicals are considered acceptable for intravenous application, and many formulations involving the use of perflurochemicals have reached the marketplace.13
Formulation and evaluation of carrot seed oil-based cosmetic emulsions
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2019
Shalini Singh, Alka Lohani, Arun Kumar Mishra, Anurag Verma
Coconut oil was selected as it acts as an effective moisturizer on all types of skin, including dry skin. The benefits of coconut oil on the skin are comparable to those of mineral oil. Fortunately, unlike mineral oil, there is no chance of having any adverse side effects on the skin upon applying coconut oil. Coconut oil is, therefore, a safe solution for preventing dryness and flaking of skin. It also delays the appearance of wrinkles and sagging of skin, which normally accompany aging. Coconut oil also helps in treating various skin problems including psoriasis, dermatitis, eczema, and other skin infections. For that exact reason, coconut oil forms the base ingredient of various body care products, such as soaps, lotions, and creams, which are used for skin care. Coconut oil also helps in preventing premature aging and degenerative diseases due to its well-known antioxidant properties (17).
Comparison between paraffin and mineral oil covering on early human embryo culture: a prospective randomized study
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Soraya Labied, Caroline Jouan, Frédéric Wenders, Stéphanie Ravet, Olivier Gaspard, Fabienne Thonon, Virginie Gridelet, Laurie Henry, Sophie Perrier d’Hauterive, Michelle Nisolle
Oil is widely used to overlay embryo culture media and can play a major role in IVF outcome. Paraffin and mineral oil are known to have different chemical properties. The polycarbon lipid tail in mineral oil contains more unsaturated bonds than paraffin oil (Vitrolife, web site), the mineral product being therefore more sensitive to photooxidation and peroxidation (Elder Key and Bw 2015). High peroxidation in mineral culture overlay is reported to be detrimental to fertilization and embryo development because of toxic contamination and/or deterioration of oil quality (Otsuki et al. 2007). The degree of peroxidation depends on heat and UV light exposure, storage conditions, manufacturer and batch number (Otsuki et al. 2007, 2009; Elder Key and Bw 2015). Some studies recommend to keep oil in a cool dark place to prevent it’s deterioration during long-term storage (Otsuki et al. 2009; Wale and Gardner 2016).
Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Ralph Pirow, Annegret Blume, Nicole Hellwig, Matthias Herzler, Bettina Huhse, Christoph Hutzler, Karla Pfaff, Hermann-Josef Thierse, Tewes Tralau, Bärbel Vieth, Andreas Luch
Mineral oil products can be classified into lubricants and products intended for non-lubricant purposes (IARC 1984, 2012). Lubricant products include, for example, automotive and industrial engine oils and greases, hydraulic oils, metalworking fluids, but also food machinery lubricants and textile oils. On the other hand, “non-lubricant” products are used, for example, as extender oils for rubber, carriers for printing inks, processing aids in the manufacturing of rubber, plastics, and textiles, and as batching oils for the softening of natural fibers such as jute. Highly refined mineral oils and waxes, and blends thereof, are used as food additives, additives for food contact materials, cosmetic ingredients, and excipients for pharmaceutical formulations (Table 2).
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