Autofluorescence as a Parameter to Study Pharmaceutical Materials
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina in Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
In herbal medicine, perfumery, and cookery, mint, Mentha piperita from the Lamiaceae family, is widely used, mainly due to menthol giving a characteristic aroma to the essential oil (Murav’eva et al. 2007; Kurilov et al. 2009; Elhoussine et al. 2011). The medicinal properties of tinctures represent natural drugs for spasmolytics in gastrointestinal diseases as well as in complexes of cardiovascular and antiseptic preparations. The herb is also known to be useful for the health when taken in tea form. Thirty compounds were identified (Elhoussine et al. 2011) in leaves including oil (58.61%) and major compounds – terpenoids: menthone (29.01%), menthol (5.58%), menthyl acetate (3.34%), menthofuran (3.01%), 1,8-cineole (2.40%), isomenthone (2.12%), limonene (2.10%), α-pinene (1.56%), germacrene-D (1.50%), β-pinene (1.25%), sabinene (1.13%), and pulegone (1.12%). Turner, Gershenzon, and Croteau (2000) actively studied the accumulation of essential oils in secretory structures of Mentha piperita components of different chemical nature, but fluorescing in the same spectral region. For example, terpenoids, NADH, NADPH, and some flavonoids may fluoresce in blue.
Herbal Product Development and Characteristics
Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam in Herbal Product Development, 2020
Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Mentha spicata (Spearmint), Mentha gracilis, Mentha arvensis (Japaneese mint), Mentha longifolia (Horse mint), and Mentha suaveolens are commonly used (Prakash et al., 2016). M. piperita and M. spicata are regulated by the FDA from the point of view of their processing until the final quality (FDA, 2018). These plants are being used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic (methanolic extracts), antiviral (Herpes simplex viruses), antibacterial (Gram-positive cocci and rods and Gram-negative rods), stimulant, and anticatharrhal properties (Table 8.1) (Uritu et al., 2018; Venditti et al., 2017). The aforementioned medicinal properties have been tested both in vivo and in vitro, with menthol being mainly responsible for these activities (Brahmi et al., 2017). Regarding its analgesic activity, the effects are similar to those showed by morphine what would allow its use as a new option in pain therapy, with less side effects (Uritu et al., 2018).
An Overview of Important Endemic Plants and Their Products in Iran
Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin in Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Mentha piperita (Figure 7.23) is a perennial plant growing up to 1 m by 0.5 m. The flowers are hermaphrodite. It is suitable to grow in light (sandy), medium (loamy), and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. It is suitable to grow in the soil with acid, neutral, and basic (alkaline) pH. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil. A tea made from the leaves has traditionally been used in the treatment of fevers, headaches, digestive disorders (especially flatulence), and various minor ailments. The herb is abortifacient, anodyne, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, refrigerant, stomachic, tonic, and vasodilator. An infusion is used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, digestive problems, spastic colon, etc. Externally, a lotion is applied to the skin to relieve pain and reduce sensitivity. The essential oil in the leaves is antiseptic and strongly antibacterial, though it is toxic in large doses. When diluted, it can be used as an inhalant and chest rub for respiratory infections. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is “Cooling” (Zargari, 2014; Mozaffarian, 2011; Plant for a Future; Patil et al., 2016).
Characterisation of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil encapsulates
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Murat Yilmaztekin, Steva Lević, Ana Kalušević, Mustafa Cam, Branko Bugarski, Vesna Rakić, Vladimir Pavlović, Viktor Nedović
The FTIR spectra of the free peppermint essential oil and encapsulate loading oil are presented in Figure 2. In the spectrum of free essential oil, the strong band at 3470 cm−1 is assigned to the vibrations of the − OH groups, while bands at 2924 and 2854 cm−1 appeared due to the presence of the −CH3 and −CH2 groups. The bands in the spectral range 1700–1750 cm−1 are most probably related to C=O vibrations. Other bands such as those at 1460 and 1377 cm−1 originate from various organic compounds, which presence in the peppermint essential oil was verified by GC/MS analysis (see Table 1). Prakash and Yunus (2013) showed that vibrations assigned to menthol and menthone (in the spectral range 2849–2954 cm−1), dominate in the FTIR spectrum of essential oil produced by hydro-distillation of Mentha arvensis. We also observed similar prominent bands in the same spectral region of both free and encapsulated peppermint essential oil. Also, the results of GC/MS analysis of Mentha piperita L. essential oil conducted in this study suggest that these two compounds are present in the high concentration.
Phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme activity and antifungal properties of Satureja khuzistanica in vitro and in vivo explants stimulated by some chemical elicitors
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Farzaneh Fatemi, Mohammad Reza Abdollahi, Asghar Mirzaie-asl, Dara Dastan, Kalliope Papadopoulou
Our results demonstrated that the level of enzyme activity decreases by enhancing the MWCNTs concentration that could be due to inactivation of related molecules by MWCNTs or other chemical interactions. This result was compatible with the result of Smirnova et al. (2011). They showed that peroxidase activity was enhanced in Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC. (Leguminosae) seedlings at the concentrations of 100 and 1,000 mg/L MWCNTs, which was significantly higher than the control (Smirnova et al. 2011). The same results happened to CAT and APX enzymes in this study. It was shown that increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes is caused by exogenous application of MeJA (Anjum et al. 2011), leading to oxidative stress in plant cells. The antioxidant enzymes can play protective roles against the harmful effects of ROS, which is observed at initial moments of MeJA exposure (Afkar et al. 2013). The plants use enzymatic-antioxidant systems to minimise the damage caused by ROS (Smirnova et al. 2011). In our study the enhancement of CAT, POD and APX enzyme activities can be due to stimulation of the defence system against ROS, while the decrease in the enzyme levels may be caused by hyper toxicity of ROS. As reported by Woodward and Bartel (2005), the increase of peroxidase enzyme activity changes the plant stress hormone levels resulting in oxidative defence in plants. In accordance with the results of this study, the exogenous treatment of Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) with MeJA significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD) (Afkar et al. 2013).
Menthol additives to tobacco products. Reasons for withdrawing mentholated cigarettes in European Union on 20th may 2020 according to tobacco products directive (2014/40/EU)
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Paulina Natalia Kopa, Rafał Pawliczak
Menthol (cyclohexanol-5-methyl2-(1-methylethyl); C10H20O (Figure 1) is a natural cyclic monoterpene alcohol with a minty smell and cooling properties. It is one of the main constituents of essential oils, which are naturally present in some aromatic plants, such as Mentha × piperita L, and it may also be synthesized on a commercial scale (Werley et al. 2007; Kamatou et al. 2013). Based on its structure, menthol may occur in four pairs of optical isomers, due to three asymmetric carbon atoms situated in cyclohexane ring (Ahijevych and Garrett 2004; Werley et al. 2007). Menthol is used in a variety of merchandises, such as food (i.e. chocolate, chewing gum), oral-care products (i.e. toothpaste, mouthwash), OTC products (with local cooling and analgesic effect), cosmetics (increase the dermal penetration of medicaments) and tobacco products (cool sensation and reduction of smoking harshness effect) (Kamatou et al. 2013; Ton et al. 2015). In addition, menthol shows anesthetic, analgesic, antibacterial and antifungal, immunomodulating, and skin penetration-enhancing properties (Hoffman 2011; Ton et al. 2015; Thompson et al. 2018).
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