Principles of forensic science and crime scene investigation
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Clothing and soft-furnishings are made in a wide array of fabrics that come from all manner of sources. Natural fibres, such as wool, cotton and linen have been used for centuries and they are often combined with man-made fibres to improve their versatility. Within the types of fibre used there may be many different dyes and other materials incorporated into them which give different properties to the finished garment. All of these characteristics enable the forensic fibre examiner to identify sources of fibres and compare them with fibres that have been transferred to other garments or furnishings. Identification of the fibres involves microscopic and analytical techniques, and it is possible to use the results in tandem with the number and location of the recovered fibres to give an interpretation of the circumstances that caused the transfer to occur. For example, it may be possible to state in which seat of a car a suspect was sitting, so that their version of events of the incident can be evaluated. It is sometimes possible to find an original source of a fibre that is prevalent in a case by going to manufacturers and obtaining details of the amount and geographic distribution of a particular product.
The UN and human rights
Theéodore H MacDonald, Halfdan Mahler, Hani Serag in Health, Human Rights and the United Nations, 2018
The significance of these concerns may seem to the casual reader to be remote from health rights issues. However, this is far from being so. Consider the case of Burkina Faso, one of the world’s poorest nations and a former French colony in Africa that achieved independence in 1960. Its soil and climate are such that it produces prodigious crops of cotton cheaply and easily, and cotton is its principal export. However, in the USA, cotton farmers in Mississippi receive agricultural subsidies that allow them to use expensive fertilizers to produce cotton. The USA does not produce cotton as easily as Burkina Faso does but, because of the subsidies, it is able to sell what it does produce on the international market at an even lower price than Burkina Faso. As Burkina Faso’s cotton farmers face economic ruin, a precipitous derogation of domestic health and other human rights there is an obvious consequence.
Introduction
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht in Bamboo Shoot, 2020
There are two ways to process bamboo to make into a fabric: mechanically or chemically. The fibre extracted by the mechanical way is often referred to as ‘natural’ or ‘original’ bamboo fibre and more or less the same manufacturing method used to produce ramie. It is made by crushing the woody parts of the bamboo plant and then use natural enzymes to break the bamboo walls into a mushy mass so that the natural fibres can be mechanically combed out and spun into yarn. This is essentially the same eco-friendly manufacturing process used to produce linen fabric from flax or hemp. Bamboo fabric made from this process is sometimes called bamboo linen. Very little bamboo linen is manufactured for clothing because it is more labour-intensive and costly. Chemically manufactured bamboo fibre is a regenerated cellulose fibre similar to rayon or modal and is sometimes called bamboo rayon because of the many similarities with rayon during manufacturing and feels while wearing. Most bamboo fabric that is the current eco-fashion rage is manufactured by the chemical process (Rayon process) by ‘cooking’ the bamboo leaves and woody shoots in strong chemical solvents such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH—also known as caustic soda or lye) and carbon disulfide by the process of hydrolysis alkalization combined with multi-phase bleaching. This is basically the same process used to make rayon from wood or cotton waste by-products.
Optimization of Swiss blue dye removal by cotton boll activated carbon: response surface methodological approach
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Rekha Rani, Summaiya Tasmeem, Anju Malik, Vinod Kumar Garg, Lakhvinder Singh, Sanju Bala Dhull
High availability of agro-waste makes them valuable source of activated carbon (AC). Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is cultivated all over the world as a main fiber crop. It is a tropical/sub-tropical crop cultivated in summer. Cotton boll peel is an agricultural waste generated in large quantities and does not have any further use. Cotton waste, cotton stalk, and cotton dusts have been tested as adsorbents, but cotton boll has not been studied for its dye removal potential. For the present study, an agro-waste – cotton boll peel was selected for preparing adsorbent for SB removal from simulated wastewater as no studies on application of cotton boll peel based adsorbent for removal of SB have been reported in the literature. In the present work, the RSM using the Box–Behnken model has been used to check the efficiency of cotton boll activated carbon (CBAC) for SB dye removal under different sets of operating conditions by varying adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration.
Development and characterization of rapid dissolving ornidazole loaded PVP electrospun fibers
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Serdar Tort, Ayşegül Yıldız, Fatmanur Tuğcu-Demiröz, Gülçin Akca, Özgür Kuzukıran, Füsun Acartürk
Electrospinning was performed using a single nozzle electrospinning equipment (Inovenso Ltd, NE300, Turkey). Each polymer solution was drawn into a 10 mL plastic syringe with 18 G metallic nozzle. A nonwoven cotton was placed on rotary cylinder to obtain fibers without deformation. For each solution, the most appropriate process parameters were chosen to ensure the continuity of fiber production. The process parameters such as feed rate, the distance of the needle tip to the collector, applied voltage, and rotating speed have been chosen at optimum values for each polymer solution (Table 1). For all formulations, the process time was kept constant for 1 h and electrospinning process was performed at the room temperature. The loaded drug amount can be controlled with the electrospinning process time. If the process time will be extended, the thickness of fiber and the loaded amount of drug will increase. In this study, we fabricated the fibers at constant electrospinning process time for 1 h to obscure the differences in characterization studies.
Design and research of life-saving cotton-blended miners’ clothing
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Ren Xiangfang, Shen Lei, Zhang Xiying, Chen Han, Huang Yan, Jin Peng
Therefore, 100% cotton fabrics must be replaced with multifunctional fabrics that are anti-static, waterproof, oil stain resistant, abrasion resistant and cut resistant. The authors conducted research on the functional materials, and found that fabric composed of cotton fiber, nylon fiber and rubber fiber blended fabric has the functions of abrasion resistance, cold resistance to –40 °C, high temperature resistance to 100 °C, flame retardant, good tensile strength, good color fastness, environmental protection and antibacterial treatment, anti-static, anti-tear and good breathability, weight of 150–240 g/m2, density of 120 × 60 and number of yarns 20 × 16. Figure 7 shows microscopic cross-sections of cotton fiber [28], nylon fiber [29] and rubber fiber [30].
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