Surfactants in Cosmetic Products
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Cationic surfactants or cationics are characterized by having a positively charged hydrophilic group on a nitrogen atom attached to the hydrophobic fatty chain, usually known as the quaternary group (or simply quat) (Surfactant Science Series, 1990). They are often used for their substantivity (adsorption on substrates, for instance, hair and skin). Some important properties of these surfactants make them useful as bactericides in liquid soaps and mouthwashes, and antistatic agents in hair products. Conditioners are products used after hair washing, therefore their formulations do not need to contain anionic surfactants, since most of which are incompatible. This makes it possible to use cationic surfactants as antistatic and conditioning agents for hair fibres in formulations of conditioners, masks and combing creams.
Pathological Processes of the Eye Related to Chemical Exposure
David W. Hobson in Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
A third group of chemicals that are immediately irritating are surfactants and detergents. These substances may be either cationic, anionic, or nonionic. The type and severity of surfactant-produced lesions vary according to the chemical characteristics of each surfactant. In general, cationic surfactants are most damaging, anionic are less damaging, and nonionic are the least damaging. Damage caused by these chemicals ranges from evidence of slight discomfort (e.g., stinging) with little or no injury, to corneal edema and loss of corneal epithelium with conjunctival swelling, petechiation, and discharge. Examples of surfactant chemicals are cationic surfactants — benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, and decyltrimethylammonium bromide; anionic surfactants — sodium lauryl sulfate, Ivory® soap, Duponol, Entsufon sodium, and Triton® W 30; nonionic surfactants — Tween, laurithyl, Triton® X 155, Span, Renex, and tridecylhexaethoxylate.4
Conditioning of Hair
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Cationic conditioning agents are classified into two types—cationic surfactants, and cationic polymers. Cationic surfactants are compounds that contain at least one hydrophobic long-chain radical, usually derived from either fatty acids or petrochemical sources, and a positively charged nitrogen atom. Linfield (20) discusses the chemistry of cationic surfactants in detail. In the Surfactant En-cyclopedia (21), cationic surfactants are further subdivided into four major classes: alkyl amines, ethoxylated amines, quaternary salts, and alkyl imidazo-lines. Of these four classes, the quaternary salts are the most widely used because of their cationic nature and the large historical database of information available on their performance, stability, and safety. Quaternary salts are also the most cost-effective on a pound-for-pound basis.
Exploring the potential of solid dispersion for improving solubility, dissolution & bioavailability of herbal extracts, enriched fractions, and bioactives
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Debadatta Mohapatra, Ashish K. Agrawal, Alakh N. Sahu
The rhizome of the plant Kaempferia parviflor (Family- Zingiberaceae) is traditionally used for treating hypertension, abdominal pain, erectile dysfunction, treating high blood glucose levels, increasing blood flow, inflammation and prolongation of the longevity of good health. However, the active marker compounds in the extract, such as methoxyflavons; 3,5,7,3′,4-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF), 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflovone (TMF), and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) possess high lipophilicity (log P-2.0 to 3.5) that limits their solubility, dissolution as well as oral bioavailability. Weerapol et al. developed SD of Kaempferia parviflor dichloromethane extract (KPD) via solvent evaporation technique, utilising HPMC & PVA-co-PEG to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate. Dissolution of TMF from SD at 15 min and 120 min was significantly improved, compared with pure KPD (Weerapol et al.2017). The authors recently reported the effect of surfactants on dissolution and oral bioavailability of methoxyflavons of KPD utilising a 3rd generation SD approach via solvent evaporation approach. The SD prepared with PVA-co-PEG and polysorbate 20 showed an enhanced dissolution profile of PMF, TMF, and DMF. The in-vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) study also revealed the significant enhancement of bioavailability of 3rd generation SD (4.88-times higher AUC) and SD containing only PVA-co-PEG polymer (3.71 times higher AUC) compared to neat KPD extract. The surfactant reduces the surface tension, thereby elevate the dissolution and bioavailability (Weerapol et al.2021).
Effect of Soluplus on the supersaturation and absorption of tacrolimus formulated as inclusion complex with dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Chun Tao, Taotao Huo, Qian Zhang, Hongtao Song
The stability of FK506 in the inclusion complex was investigated by the stress test. In brief, FK506-CD and FK506-SCD were placed under conditions of high temperature (40 ± 2 °C), high humidity (relative humidity 90 ± 5%) or strong light irradiation (4500 ± 500 l×), respectively. In the stress test, crystallization and degradation of FK506 might occur simultaneously. Crystallization represented the physical stability while the degradation of the drugs indicated the chemical stability. Because of the poor solubility of FK506, the dissolved drugs in water could be ignored. Moreover, its solubility would be highly enhanced in water containing surfactant. Therefore, 2 ml of water or 0.4% SDS was used to dissolve the samples at day 0, 5, and 10. The sample solution was centrifuged at 12 000 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant was analyzed by HPLC.
Toward a better understanding of metabolic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of low-solubility, low-permeability natural medicines
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Jie Yang, Kailing Li, Dan He, Jing Gu, Jingyu Xu, Jiaxi Xie, Min Zhang, Yuying Liu, Qunyou Tan, Jingqing Zhang
Adding appropriate amount of surfactant: Nanoemulsion is a transparent, thermodynamically stable system. It is often composed of surfactant, co-surfactant, oil and water and prepared by interfacial polymerization (Wu et al. 2018). A self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems automatically form to oil in water emulsions and amphiphilic surfactants with drugs encapsulated in the inner phase (Wang et al. 2017a, 2017b, 2017c, 2017d). (1) Dissolution is improved by wettability and emulsification of surfactant. For example, a self-microemulsifying delivery system of celastrol containing surfactant not only improves drug solubilization, but also enhances release and absorption properties, due to the increased dissolved form of drug in the formulation. The Cmax and AUC0–t of self-microemulsion were 568%±7.07% and 558%±6.77% compared to the 0.4% CMC-Na suspension of celastrol (Qi et al. 2014). (2) Permeability can be enhanced by adding surfactant; for instance, the prepared mangiferin phospholipid complex showed 9.4-fold enhancement in the permeation (15.4 × 10−6 cm/s) in contrast to the plain mangiferin solution (1.9 × 10−6 cm/s) at the timepoint of 3 h. This indicated that phospholipid complex demonstrated enhanced permeability of mangiferin, solely attributable to the lipids and phospholipids employed to prepare the complex (Khurana et al. 2017).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Compound
- Detergent
- Dispersant
- Foaming Agent
- Hydrocarbon
- Polyethylene Glycol
- Per- & Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
- Chemical Polarity
- Polypropylene Glycol
- Zwitterion