The thorax
Spencer W. Beasley, John Hutson, Mark Stringer, Sebastian K. King, Warwick J. Teague in Paediatric Surgical Diagnosis, 2018
Chest wall deformities may be primary or secondary and, from a clinical and cosmetic point of view, range from mild to severe. They rarely cause significant impairment of respiratory function, although minor deficiencies may be found on formal pulmonary function tests. Primary chest wall deformities are classified as: depression deformities, protrusion deformities and deficiency deformities. In children, the more common congenital pulmonary conditions include: congenital lobar emphysema, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, pulmonary sequestration and bronchogenic cyst. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is an acquired condition seen in premature infants with severe hyaline membrane disease who require high pressure respiratory support for prolonged periods. There are several pulmonary conditions that are seen occasionally. These include hamartoma of the lung, staphylococcal pneumonia, pneumatocele, spontaneous pneumothorax, inflammatory pseudotumour, bronchiectasis, hydatid disease and pulmonary metastases. Fluid may accumulate in the pleural cavities secondary to a variety of primary conditions, which include pulmonary infection, intrathoracic malignancy, ascites and trauma.
– Paediatric Imaging
Shahid Hussain, Sherif Aaron Abdel Latif, Adrian David Hall in Rapid Review of Radiology, 2010
The approach to paediatric imaging is essentially a composite of the suggested approaches in the other chapters. The approach with paediatric films is as for adult films but the differential diagnosis list will be completely different in many cases. Some additional points when approaching paediatric films are: • It is very useful to know whether the child has had a premature birth as conditions such as hyaline membrane disease and necrotizing enterocolitis are essentially diseases of the premature neonate. In addition, patterns of disease can vary between infants born prematurely and those born at term. For example, hypoxic/ischaemic brain injury in the premature infant leads to periventricular leukomalacia, a pattern of injury rather different to that otherwise seen.
A pre-term infant of 32 weeks gestation with congenital tuberculosis treated successfully with antituberculosis chemotherapy
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Xiaoyi Fang, Ruizhi Mai, Jizhong Guo, Niyang Lin
An infant of 32 weeks gestation was separated from her mother at birth for treatment of hyaline membrane disease and, on recovery, was cared for by adoptive parents. At 25 days, she was treated for pneumonia with immunoglobulins and multiple antibiotics and appeared to respond. Her symptoms recurred at 8 weeks and tuberculosis was confirmed by detection in an acid-fast bacilli smear of gastric aspirate. Her mother presented with disseminated tuberculosis with meningitis 1 month after delivery. Criteria for the diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis in the infant were confirmed.
Respiratory distress syndrome of the preterm neonate — placenta and necropsy as witnesses
Published in The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 2011
Gustavo Rocha, Manuela Rodrigues, Hercília Guimarães
Aim. To assess the agreement between clinical diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and lung necropsy pathological findings of deceased neonates. Material and methods. Review of clinical files and necropsy studies of 40 newborn infants ≤ 37 weeks gestational age. Results. The concordance between clinics and necropsy for the diagnosis of HMD was 43% (n = 17). At the necropsy study of the lungs, 11 cases (28%) of clinically diagnosed HMD were associated to meconium aspiration, pneumonia, or pulmonary hemorrhage; 12 (30%) cases were pneumonia and/or meconium aspiration and pulmonary hemorrhage without hyaline membranes. Of the 17 pneumonias, 15 (88%) were associated to histological chorioamnionitis, RR 3.76 (95%CI: 1.9–4.2) (p
Section Review: Prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome: Pulmonary-Allergy, Dermatological, Gastrointestinal & Arthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 1995
Muhammad U. Anwar, Reese H. Clark
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), or hyaline membrane disease, remains the most frequent clinical problem encountered among preterm infants [1]. RDS is also the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in this population of neonates [2]. Premature infants develop RDS because they have immature lungs that are deficient in surfactant. As a result, they require ventilatory support to maintain adequate gas exchange and this support can cause lung injury [3]. Lung injury increases the patient's ventilatory needs and the cycle of lung injury is propagated. If this cycle is not interrupted, respiratory failure progresses and the premature neonate dies. The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology of RDS and to review recent therapeutic interventions for its prevention and treatment.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Hyaline
- Pulmonary Alveoli
- Cyanosis
- Dyspnea
- Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Pulmonary Atelectasis
- Pulmonary Surfactants