Urinary tract infection
Shiv Shanker Pareek in The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection of either the upper (kidneys and ureters) or lower (bladder and urethra) urinary tract. Infections of the bladder and urethra cause cystitis and urethritis, respectively. The bacteria may enter the urethral opening following sexual intercourse, or less frequently the kidneys may be infected first, from blood-borne bacteria. UTI is very common and primarily affects females, but males may also be affected. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the alimentary canal and are transferred from the anus to the urethra during sexual intercourse or through poor personal hygiene. Ciprofloxacin is not recommended in pregnancy: pregnant females should be prescribed cephalexin 250 mg to 1000 mg orally four times per day for 7 to 14 days. Hospital admission may be required for pregnant females, the elderly, or those with severe symptoms, diabetes or renal impairment. Some people have bacteria present in their urine but have no other symptoms (asymptomatic bacteriuria).
Approved Excipients in Semisolid Dosage Forms
Sarfaraz K. Niazi in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, 2019
The neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and bacitracin zinc ophthalmic ointment is a sterile antimicrobial ointment for ophthalmic use. The fluorometholone ophthalmic ointment, 0.1%, contains active ingredients fluorometholone 0.1% and the preservative phenylmercuric acetate. Sterile ophthalmic ointment dexamethasone sodium phosphate is a topical steroid ointment containing dexamethasone sodium phosphate equivalent to 0.5 mg dexamethasone phosphate in each gram. The ciprofloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic ointment consists of synthetic, sterile, multiple-dose antimicrobials for topical ophthalmic use. Each gram of ophthalmic ointment, 1%, contains 10 mg chloramphenicol in a special base of liquid petrolatum and polyethylene. It contains no preservatives. Another formulation contains active ingredient chloramphenicol, 11%. Testosterone gel is a clear, colorless hydroalcoholic gel containing 1% testosterone. It provides continuous transdermal delivery of testosterone, the primary circulating endogenous androgen, for 24 hours following a single application to intact, clean dry skin of the shoulders, upper arms, or abdomen.
ACUTE MONOARTHRITIS
D Burke, Dr Derek Burke, Roy Evans in Key Topics in Accident and Emergency Medicine, 2001
Infective agent is Neisseria gonorrhoea. Mainly affects young adults. Three times more common in women. May be preceded by migratory tendonitis or arthritis. A ‘septic’ rash with a small number of scattered pustules is frequently seen. Usually affects large joints-knee, wrist and ankle. The organism may be isolated from the genital tract in 5080% of cases. Blood cultures may be positive early when the skin lesions are present but is less likely to be positive once the monoarthritis has developed. Synovial fluid positive in 30% of cases. Polymerase chain reaction test may be useful in culture negative suspected cases. Refer to Genito-Urinary Medicine for follow-up and exclude co-existing infection and arrange contact tracing. Treatment with Ciprofloxacin usually responds rapidly.
Comparative Effects of the Immediate and the Extended Release Formulations of Ciprofloxacin on Normal Human Intestinal Microflora
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2011
M. Rashid, A. Weintraub, C.E. Nord
Ciprofloxacin is a well-known fluoroquinolone, active in vitro against most Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ecological effects of an orally administered extendedrelease formulation of ciprofloxacin in comparison with an immediate-release formulation of ciprofloxacin on the normal human intestinal microflora. Thirty-six healthy female subjects were included in the study. The extended-release formulation of ciprofloxacin was given as 500 mg once daily and the immediate-release formulation as 250 mg twice daily. The treatment period was 3 days. The microbiological investigation was blinded with respect to treatment. Mean fecal concentration in the volunteers receiving the extended-release formulation ciprofloxacin was 453 mg/kg and in the immediate-release formulation ciprofloxacin volunteers, the mean fecal concentration was 392 mg/kg. The numbers of Escherichia coli were significantly suppressed while the enterococci decreased moderately in both treatment groups. No toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains were found. No major differences were observed between the two studied formulations on the normal human intestinal microflora.
Ciprofloxacin: review on developments in synthetic, analytical, and medicinal aspects
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2010
Prabodh Chander Sharma, Ankit Jain, Sandeep Jain, Rakesh Pahwa, Mohammad Shahar Yar
In the current practices of antiinfective therapy, ciprofloxacin is a very popular fluoroquinolone having a broad spectrum of activity and diverse therapeutic prospects. The reasons for its wide use include multiresistant pathogens susceptible only to ciprofloxacin. The available clinical evidence suggests the potentially enhanced efficacy of this drug in the treatment of various community acquired and nosocomial infections, e.g. respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin infections and sexually transmitted diseases. As compared to other agents of its class, the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin demonstrates equivalent or greater bioavailability, higher plasma concentrations, and increased tissue penetration, as reflected in the greater volume of distribution. Various molecular modifications of this drug have been made to further improve its characteristics. Several methods of analytical determination of ciprofloxacin and its metabolites in biological fluids employing various techniques have been reported. The present article is focused on the synthetic development, pharmacotherapeutic, and analytical evaluation vistas of ciprofloxacin.
Metal binding and antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin complexes
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2005
Zahid H. Chohan, Claudiu T. Supuran, Andrea Scozzafava
Four novel cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin have been prepared. The compounds were characterized by IR, UV-Visible, molar conductivity and elemental analyses. In all of the complexes, the drug ligand, ciprofloxacin (CFL) was coordinated through two carbonyl oxygen atoms. Octahedral and square-planar geometries have been proposed for the cobalt(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II), and copper(II) complexes, respectively. In vitro tests of susceptibility to these metal complexes showed stronger activity than that of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus dysenteriae.
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