Peritonitis (General Considerations)
Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams in Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
Despite appropriate source control of the primary event resulting in peritonitis, and despite appropriate support care and antibiotic treatment, patients will develop abscess in the abdominal cavity. Abdominal abscess may be the result of a large inoculum of bacteria that has overwhelmed the innate inflammatory response of the host. Antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms is inoculum-dependent,77 and densities of bacteria that exceed 106 organisms/mL may not be influenced by the best antibiotic choices. The inoculum effect also explains why abscesses will have pathogens that are actually sensitive to the antibiotic therapy that the patient has received. Local conditions in the abdomen with residual clot, pooled serosanguinous drainage or retained necrotic tissue will result in abscess. Abscess in the abdomen may be the result of failure of a suture line. Abscess may be the result of microbial access to the abdomen from drains placed at the original operation. Regardless of cause, intra-abdominal abscesses need to be drained.
Community-acquired pneumonia
Hugh McGavock, Dennis Johnston in Treating Common Diseases, 2017
Ideally, all antibiotic treatment should be based on the results of bacteriology (knowledge of the causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity). That takes up to 48 hours from sampling, and this delay could prove fatal in CAP. Therefore it is accepted practice to prescribe an antibiotic ‘empirically’ (a euphemism for prescribing blindly) as soon as the diagnosis is firm. The BNF (Chapter 5) offers the community prescriber the choice of: amoxycillin orally, 500 mg to 1 g every 8 hours for 7 days, or (if the patient is penicillin-allergic)clarithromycin orally, 250–500 mg every 12 hours for 7 days.
Examination A
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman in The New DRCOG Examination, 2017
N. gonorrhoea, a Gram negative intracellular diplococcus, is the second most common STD in the UK. It frequently presents asymptomatically (50%), but other features include vaginal discharge (common), lower abdominal pain and, more rarely, intermenstrual bleeding. It can affect the mucous membranes of the pharynx, cervix, conjunctiva, anus and urethra. Complications include pelvic inflammatory disease. Reiter’s syndrome is by definition a triad of non-gonococcal urethritis, arthritis and conjunctivitis. Treatment regimen according to the British Association of Sexual Health and HIV is a single dose of IM ceftriaxone, IM cefixime or IM spectinomycin. Oral alternative regimens are used where prevalence is low or antibiotic sensitivity has been confirmed. Patients with confirmed infection should see a health advisor in an STD clinic to ensure correct contact tracing. Test of cure is no longer recommended if asymptomatic and treatment regimen is completed.
Ex vivo evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity in samples from endodontic infections
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Álvaro Villanueva-Castellote, Carmen Llena Puy, Miguel Carda-Diéguez, Álex Mira, María D. Ferrer
Mira et al. (2019) [15] described the real-time formation dynamics of biofilm formed from inocula taken from saliva, tongue scraping and dental plaque using the same RTCA impedance system. In the present study, we have succeeded for the first time in studying the dynamics of endodontic biofilm formation and its susceptibility to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, metronidazole and azithromycin. The main conclusion from our data is the enormous variability in the response patterns of endodontic biofilms to the antibiotics tested. This large variability occurred even in the three patients from whom 2 different tooth samples were obtained, showing that, even in the same individual, the antibiotic sensitivity is variable and difficult to predict. In the future, it could also be interesting to study bacterial composition in those samples where the antibiotic treatment had no effect on growth, which were not sequenced in the current work.
Antibacterial activity of Blumea axillaris synthesized selenium nanoparticles against multidrug resistant pathogens of aquatic origin
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Jyoti Prakash Dash, Lopamudra Mani, Sukanta Kumar Nayak
The antibiotic sensitivity assay of bacterial pathogens against different antibiotics {Ampicillin (10 mcg); Bacitracin (10 units); Cefotaxime (30 mcg); Chloramphenicol (30 mcg); Co-trimoxazole, (25 mcg); Erythromycin (15mcg); Oxytetracycline (30 mcg); Norfloxacin (10 mcg); Nitrofurantoin (300 mcg); Novobiocin (30 mcg); Penicillin (10 units); Tetracycline (30 mcg); Vancomycin (30 mcg) (Hi-Media, India)} was performed as per standard microbiological method [41]. Briefly, the overnight grown individual pathogen was separately lawn cultured on Muller Hinton agar plates and then antibiotic discs were firmly placed into the seeded agar plates. Finally plates were incubated at 30°C for 24 h and after incubation, the zone of inhibition was measured and interpreted as sensitive, resistant, and intermediate sensitive.
The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Lucrezia Bottalico, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Maria Assunta Potenza, Monica Montagnani, Luigi Santacroce
Antibiotic sensitivity tests are performed in vitro, measure the response (growth) of an isolated microorganism to one or more antibiotics, and must be carried out under standardized conditions (the technical implementation must meet perfectly standardized criteria periodically updated by various National Committees, CLSI, etc.) to guarantee the reproducibility of the results. Cumulative data from individual antibiotic susceptibility tests are used to create an antibiogram, whose aim is to predict appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy prior to the availability of specific information on the patient’s isolates and help the choice of the antibiotic together with clinical information and professional experience [212].
Related Knowledge Centers
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