Different kinds of infertility, possible reasons for infertility
Elisabeth Hildt, Dietmar Mieth in In Vitro Fertilisation in the 1990s, 2018
The list of possibly toxic agents would be too long for this chapter. The Reproductive Toxicology Center at the Columbia Hospital for Women Medical Center, Washington D.C., USA provides up to date information on the current scientific knowledge, since the disaster of Seveso in Northern Italy where massive amounts of mainly tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), a highly lipophilic substance with a long half-life, were released into the air. Dioxins are unintentional byproducts produced primarily in the synthesis of certain chemicals and combustion processes. The chemicals involved consist of chlorphenoxy herbicides such as 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, the disinfectant hexachlorophene and polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) which were used as dielectric fluids in capacitators and transformers. High levels of dioxins have also been found in technical grade pentachlorophenol (PCP) used primarily as a pesticide and wood preservative.
Products used on the vulva
Miranda A. Farage, Howard I. Maibach in The Vulva, 2017
A misperception by some is that tampons contain dioxin. Dioxin is a general term that describes a group of about 30 chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment and have been associated with cancer. They can be produced by a wide variety of processes, including combustion (as a result of cooking or internal combustion engines) and chlorine bleaching of paper pulp. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that most dioxin exposure (>95%) occurs through the diet (60). The misperception about tampons is that their materials are subjected to chlorine bleaching and therefore contain dioxin. In fact, modern bleaching methods for absorbent products do not involve chlorine bleaching and are dioxin free (61). State-of-the-art testing of tampons and tampon materials has shown that dioxin levels are at or below the detectable limit of 0.1–1 parts per trillion (61).
Managing Pesticide Chronic Health Risks: U.S. Policies
Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman in Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
During the 1980s, in the U.S. concerns continued to mount about pesticide risks. This is a time when chronic health hazards associated with certain pesticides began to be more widely appreciated. Dioxins as a contaminant of the herbicide 2,4,5-T (Agent Orange) famously provoked concern in the context of the Vietnam war, where the herbicide was used as a defoliant by the U.S. military. In the 1970s, DBCP was discovered as a cause of infertility among exposed male pesticide-manufacturing workers.6 In the 1980s, the pesticide chlordimeform was linked to bladder cancers in manufacturing workers.7 These episodes, while unusual, helped policy makers understand the connection between theoretical risks of pesticide as determined from animal testing to disease burdens in populations. From the 1960s onward episodes of severe pesticide-related poisonings due to organophosphate pesticides were reported worldwide (including in the U.S.);8-10 it is less certain what the chronic health risks have been from such exposures, the majority of which have been occupational but also due to accidental ingestions by children or suicide attempts.
The protective effects of capsaicin on oxidative damage-induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Muhammed Fatih Doğan, Neşe Başak Türkmen, Aslı Taşlıdere, Yasemin Şahin, Osman Çiftçi
Dioxins are emitted into the atmosphere as undesirable products of diverse oxidation and industrial processes and constitute an important class of environmental toxicants (White and Birnbaum 2009). Dioxins emitted from the environment are first collected in plant tissues and then in human tissues by the biomagnification process. Among the dioxins, the most toxic compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which is usually transferred to humans through animal products, such as meat and milk (Ciftci and Ozdemir 2011). The TCDD half-life is known to be very long in humans and it is estimated to vary between 7 and 12 years (Patrizi and Cumis 2018). The main cause of TCDD toxicity is its binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), known as an intracellular ligand-dependent transcription factor (Kolluri et al. 2017). Some in vivo research represent that exposure to TCDD reasons a diversity of adverse effects on the central nervous system (Unkila et al. 1995), immune system (Neubert et al. 1994), reproductive system (Elsayed et al. 2019), heart (Fujisawa et al. 2019), and liver (Roth et al. 1994). In addition, oxidative stress caused by AHR activation is a prominent factor in TCDD toxicity (Reichard et al. 2005). Studies showing that exposure to TCDD causes oxidative damage in many tissues, such as the heart, kidney, and liver support this hypothesis (Jin et al. 2008, Ciftci et al. 2012, Kalaiselvan et al. 2016).
The protective effect of Eruca sativa against lipid metabolic abnormalities induced by dioxin in male rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Hussam A El-Gayar, Eman T Salem, Gamal M Edrees
Although this study considered all relevant blood and testicular lipid metabolism parameters, there were some potential limitations. First, unavailability of resources for measuring dioxin levels in the blood of control and treated groups as well as a concentration of dioxin food and feed were unavailable. Furthermore, the relationships between the dioxin level and the estimated parameters is discussed. Despite these limitations, this study contributed to understanding the effect of dioxin on blood lipid and testicular lipid components and demonstrated the protective effect of Es extract in preventing dioxin-induced lipid changes.
Dioxin and endometriosis: a new possible relation based on epigenetic theory
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Pierluigi Giampaolino, Luigi Della Corte, Virginia Foreste, Fabio Barra, Simone Ferrero, Giuseppe Bifulco
Dioxin is considered to be the most highly toxic environmental contaminant ever manufactured: it is extremely resistant to degradation and, due to its lipophilic nature, bioaccumulate and bio magnify within the food chain [34].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
- Chemical Compound
- Persistent Organic Pollutant
- Pollutant
- Polychlorinated Biphenyl
- Polybrominated Biphenyl
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
- Congener
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
- Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans