Age and lifecourse transitions in health
Kevin McCracken, David R. Phillips in Global Health, 2017
At and shortly after adolescence, rates of fatal biological diseases (cancers, heart and blood vessel pathology) begin slowly to increase. Leading causes of morbidity and disability have a mixed pattern in the adolescent/young adult age group, from fifteen to twenty-four; for females aged ten to nineteen, examples are given in Box 6.4. However, as noted, trauma and injury, especially motor-vehicle related, become the main causes of death. Homicides and suicides kill many young males, especially in certain regions (such as the Americas and some Middle Eastern countries). Suicide starts to appear as a major cause of death around age fifteen, although geographical variations are considerable. For example, Hispanic countries have relatively low rates for attempted and actual suicides, while China has high rates among young women (and among older people). In the fifteen-to-twenty-four age group, risk behaviours start to emerge seriously (Jenkins, 2003; WHO, 2009b; Every Woman Every Child, 2015).
Micronesia
Ebby Elahi in World Compendium of Healthcare Facilities and Nonprofit Organizations, 2021
Micronesia faces health challenges with both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Obesity is prevalent in the small island nation, with 46 percent of the population considered obese. This has led to an increase in many non-communicable diseases, with ischemic heart disease, diabetes, stroke, chronic kidney disease, COPD, hypertensive heart disease, and cirrhosis as the cause of most deaths. Other major causes of death include lower respiratory infections, self-harm, and road injuries. Of note, death due to HIV/AIDS increased dramatically between 2009 and 2019, growing by over 200 percent. The risk factors that contribute most to death and disability include high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, alcohol and tobacco use, high blood pressure, dietary risks, high LDL, kidney dysfunction, air pollution, unsafe sex, and malnutrition.
Traffic Injury Prevention: Strategies That Work
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Traffic crashes result in more than 30,000 deaths and more than three million nonfatal injuries treated in hospital emergency departments each year.5,7 The risk of death or injury varies by many factors, including sex, age, race/ethnicity, type of road user (e.g., occupant, pedestrian, motorcyclist, cyclist [non-motorized]), and location (e.g., state, urban/rural setting). There is a significant risk difference by sex. Males have death rates at least twice that of females overall—for vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, pedestrians, and cyclists; and for all age groups after the age of licensure (age groups 15–19 years and older). The difference is especially high for motorcyclists (death rate 11 times higher among males) and cyclists (six times higher among males). For nonfatal injuries, males have higher injury rates than females except in the case of motor vehicle occupants where the injury rate among females is 1.3 times that among males.5
Estimating the injury rates and causes of fatalities in the Japanese mining industry, 1924–2014
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
This article focuses on the trends of injury rates and causes of fatal accidents in the Japanese mining industry in comparison with the international experience. The key feature of a retrospective study is identifying performance measures and evaluating improvement based on these measures [6]. The mining industry remains one of the most hazardous occupations worldwide and underground coal mines are especially notorious for their high accident rates [7]. A work accident or occupational accident is an incident that occurs in the course of work. This might lead to physical or mental harm, such as injury, disease or death [8]. A fatal accident at work is an accident that leads to the death of a victim immediately or sometime after the occurrence of an accident. When an accident occurs, it causes the loss of human resources and equipment, and financial compensation from the insurance companies. Also, accidents cost money and resources for the injured, the employer and the national economy as a whole [9]. Generally, the causes of accidents involve a lack of awareness or understanding, ignorance or deliberate violations of safety rules [10]. Mine accidents and injuries are complex and generally characterized by several factors, from personal to technical, and from technical to social characteristics [11].
Pathogenesis guided therapeutic management of COVID-19: an immunological perspective
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Ashutosh Kumar, Pranav Prasoon, Prakash S. Sekhawat, Vikas Pareek, Muneeb A. Faiq, Chiman Kumari, Ravi K. Narayan, Maheswari Kulandhasamy, Kamla Kant
COVID-19 is caused by a new viral strain—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus of betacoronaviruses which also contained SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which had led the respiratory syndrome epidemic of SARS-2002/2003 and MERS-2012, respectively. Cellular entry of the coronaviruses (CoVs) depends on the binding of the spike (S) protein of the virus to a specific cell surface receptor and subsequent ‘S’ protein priming by cellular proteases. Recent studies showed cellular entry of the SARS-CoV-2 in humans is mediated by a cell surface receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and the proteases like Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Cathepsin-L (CTS-L) which are also the receptors for SARS-CoV-1, and a common cold virus Human CoV NL63 [2,3]. COVID-19 patients present with diverse range of symptoms. However, it is primarily a respiratory disease causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which is also the prime cause of the fatality [4]. The clinical presentations in COVID-19 patients are unique with nearly 80% being either asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, about 14 percent developing severe symptoms like pneumonia, about 5 percent turn critical developing septic shock, respiratory failure, or multi-organ failure, and about 2 percent die of the disease [1]. Fatality is more pronounced in those who are old and/or have co-morbidities [1].
Unintentional injury deaths in adult Finnish population: nationwide statistics between 1971 and 2016
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2019
Pekka Kannus, Seppo Niemi, Jari Parkkari, Harri Sievänen
We obtained from the Finnish Official Cause-of-Death Statistics (OCDS) the data for persons 15 years of age or older who died because of an unintentional injury between 1971 and 2016. This statutory register has been computer-based and unchanged since 1971, and since its inception, it has been updated and reviewed for data quality by the Cause-of-Death Bureau at Statistics Finland (Official Statistics of Finland, 2017a). The Finnish OCDS contain data on age, sex, marital status, place of residence and place, cause and time of death of the deceased. The main categories of death from unintentional injury are road traffic crashes, water traffic crashes, falls, drownings, alcohol poisonings and other poisonings. For deaths from intentional injury, the main categories are suicides and homicides.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ageing
- Biogerontology
- Biological Process
- Brain Death
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- Necrosis
- Virus
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Decomposition
- Clinical Death