Unraveling the Complexities of Brazilian Regulations for Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicinal Products
Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio in Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
It is important to note that, in a similar manner to the international legislation, according to Brazilian law, the same herbal species can be licensed for human use not only in medicines, but also in food, cosmetic and health products, often with effects in a similar way to those approved for drugs and often coexisting on the market with the same dosages (Minghetti et al., 2016). Examples of products obtained from medicinal plants that are regulated in foods are Allium sativum and isoflavones from soybean (Glycine max). Several products of topical use found in Brazilian pharmacies are regulated in Brazil in the area of cosmetics, such as gels and shampoos of Calendula officinalis or Matricaria recutita. There are also products registered in the category of health products, such as vegetable oils, including sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and orange (Citrus aurantium) (Ministério da Saúde, 2016b). Regulation for these other classes of products is more lenient than that required for medicines, causing many products that have lost their registration as medicines to migrate to these other categories.
Epstein–Barr Virus and Treatment of Its Infection
Satya Prakash Gupta in Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Akihisa et al. (2003) also isolated a group of 17 compounds from an ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the exudate obtained from stems of Angelica keiskei belonging to the family of Umbelliferae. These compounds were evaluated against TPA induced EBV-EA in Raji cells. With the exception of three compounds, all other tested compounds showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV-EA induction in higher concentration (92–100% inhibition at 1 × 103 mol ratio/TPA). Isobavachalcone (55, Figure 6.8) was the most active compound. Thirty terpenoid compounds were isolated from the diethyl ether extract of the pollen grains of Helianthus annuus belonging to the family Compositae (Ukiya et al. 2003a). Twenty-one compounds possessing a di- or a polycyclic ring system showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV-EA induction (91–100% inhibition at 1 × 103 mol ratio/TPA). Compound 56 (Figure 6.8) was found to be the most potent one.
Components of Nutrition
Christopher Cumo in Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
A balanced diet gives the body adequate minerals. Nuts, particularly almonds and cashews, provide calcium, copper, iron, selenium, zinc, phosphorus, and magnesium. Seed legumes, notably beans, soybeans, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), and lentils (Lens culinaris), supply copper, iron, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium. Salmon, tuna, and mackerel have calcium, magnesium, selenium, potassium, and phosphorus. Oysters (species in genera Crassostrea and Ostrea), mussels (Mytilus edulis), clams (Mercenaria mercenaria and other edible species), scallops (Placopecten magellanicus and other edible species), and other shellfish deliver copper, iron, selenium, phosphorus, and zinc. Seeds from sunflower (Helianthus annuus), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and other squashes (Cucurbita species), and flax (Linum usitatissimum) contain copper, iron, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc. Mushrooms have copper, potassium, selenium, and zinc. Milk and yogurt contribute calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus whereas cheeses tend to be high in calcium, copper, and phosphorus. Spinach, kale, Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), turnip greens (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa), and other dark green leafy vegetables contain calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, and zinc.
The use of terpenes and derivatives as a new perspective for cardiovascular disease treatment: a patent review (2008–2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Eric Aian P. Silva, Jéssica S. Carvalho, Adriana G. Guimarães, Rosana de S.S. Barreto, Márcio R.V. Santos, André S. Barreto, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
Ling et al. [27], also in 2012, patented a pharmaceutical composition containing sunflower extracted of Helianthus annuus, with flavonoids, sesquiterpenes (germacranolide (9), heliangolide (10), eudesmane (11)), diterpenes (kaurane) (12), and triterpenes among its constituents. The extract of total terpenes was dissolved in water and/or ethanol (10–95%, v/v). The compound was tested in a hypertensive rat model and in human patients (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) to evaluate its antihypertensive effects. In rats, the compound showed a significant reduction in diastolic and mean BP. In human subjects, it had a rate of effectiveness of 84.6% in the treated group. It not only exhibited great antihypertensive activity but also an improvement of the symptoms with no side effects throughout the treatment.
The effect of chamomile extract obtained in supercritical carbon dioxide conditions on physicochemical and usable properties of pharmaceutical ointments
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Emilia Klimaszewska, Artur Seweryn, Anna Małysa, Małgorzata Zięba, Joanna Lipińska
The ointment with the sunflower oil to chamomile extract weight ratio of 5:0 was characterized by the highest hardness (179 g). An addition of Chamomilla Recutita Extract at the concentration of 1.5% to ointment II triggered a decrease in the studied parameter by ca. 14% in comparison to the extract-free ointment. A further increase in the proportion of Chamomilla Recutita Extract caused only a slight decrease in hardness. For ointments III, IV and V, hardness was in the range from 138 to 125 g. From the viewpoint of application properties, it is advantageous to use higher concentrations of chamomile extract (2.5–5 wt.%) than Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil in products of this type. In terms of packaging, pharmaceutical ointments are usually available in the form of squeeze-out tubes, so that they are easier to dispense and apply to the skin.
Differential Expression of Platelet Activation Markers, CD62P and CD63, after Exposure to Breast Cancer Cells Treated with Kigelia Africana, Ximenia Caffra and Mimusops Zeyheri Seed Oils In Vitro
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Monica N. Gomes, Pascaline Fru, Tanya N. Augustine, Davison Moyo, Eliton Chivandi, William M. U. Daniels
The health benefits of plants are not limited to extracts of leaf or bark material, but also includes that of seeds (42). Seeds of plants such as Glycine max (soya bean), Gossipium hirstum (cotton seed), Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Sesamun indicum (sesame seed) contain essential amino acids, fatty acids and vitamins (42) that may afford some of the medicinal properties of seeds. Subsequently oils extracted from seeds have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory (43) and anti-proliferative (44–47) properties. Anticancer effects of some seed oils have been indicated by (i) a decrease in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by breast cancer cells treated with Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (43), (ii) inhibition of melanoma cell growth by Pterodon pubescens Benth. seed oil (44), (iii) the prevention of tumor cell progression through the cell cycle by Litsea cubeba and Portulaca oleracea seed oils (45–47), and (iv) the decrease of proliferation of human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells by K. africana, X. caffra and M. zeyheri seed oils (36).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Circadian Rhythm
- Genome
- Genome Size
- Heliotropism
- Ploidy
- Turgor Pressure
- Sunflower Seed
- Sunflower Oil
- Fruit
- Chromosome