Nanomedicine(s) under the Microscope *
Valerio Voliani in Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Smaller luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles (LPSiNPs ∼126 nm) including an NIR probe to monitor biodistribution and degradation [349] were shown to accumulate in the liver and spleen after iv injection. They disappear within 4 weeks, and this was attributed to degradation to soluble silicic acid. PEGylationis being explored as a means of tuning the degradation rate of silicon [350, 351]. Stoddart and colleagues have taken a different approach. Their mesoporous silica nanoparticles have surface-bound rotaxanes (encircled by cucurbit[6]uril or α-cyclodextrin rings) designed for reductive or pH triggered degradation. This chemistry acts as a gateway (“nanostoppers” or “nanovalves”) for drug release [344, 351, 352], and the field of molecular/supramolecular switches is reviewed in Ref. [353]. Organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles (20–25 nm) conjugated with NIR fluorophores and radiolabeled with [124I] iodide for optical and PET imaging [354] also accumulated in liver and spleen thus diminishing the opportunity for tumor drug delivery or tumor imaging.
Gas Chromatography
Joseph Chamberlain in The Analysis of Drugs in Biological Fluids, 2018
The diamide phases belong to the class of separations dependent on the three- point attachment hypothesis covered more fully in Chapter 7 on liquid chromatography. Cyclodextrins are cyclic glucose oligomers with 6 (α-cyclodextrin), 7 (β cyclodextrin) or 8 (γ-cyclodextrin) linked glucose units, and separate compounds by size inclusion of molecules in the cavity formed by the cyclic molecule and the chiral property arises from the unique topology formed by the chirality of the glucose units (Figure 6.6). The stability and selectivity of cyclodextrins has been improved by formation of suitable alkyl and acyl derivatives640,641,644 and by combination with siloxanes.642
Glucose-Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems Based on Phenylboronic Acid for Diabetes Treatment
Peter Grunwald in Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Besides using a small molecule as a cross-linker, the reversible covalent complexation of PBA with cis-1,2 or cis-1,3-diol compounds can be used as a dynamic linking to obtain glucose-sensitive hydrogels (Yesilyurt et al., 2017). Glucose-sensitive solid-like hydrogels were obtained easily by simply mixing the solutions of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(vinyl alcohol) diblock polymer (PEG-b-PVA), α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), and double PBA-terminated PEG cross-linker (Yang et al., 2014).
In vivo nose-to-brain delivery of the hydrophilic antiviral ribavirin by microparticle agglomerates
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Alessandro Giuliani, Anna Giulia Balducci, Elisa Zironi, Gaia Colombo, Fabrizio Bortolotti, Luca Lorenzini, Viola Galligioni, Giampiero Pagliuca, Alessandra Scagliarini, Laura Calzà, Fabio Sonvico
Ribavirin raw material (batch #001-RIB-0908) was kindly donated by Euticals S.p.A. (Lodi, MI, Italy). The micronized powder was demonstrated to be exclusively the crystalline polymorph R-I by X-ray diffraction (data not shown) and DSC (Tm =180 °C), probably as a result of the milling process as reported by Vasa (Vasa & Wildfong, 2017). RBV analytical standard was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO). The internal standard (IS) 13C5RBV was obtained from Campro Scientific GmbH (Berlin, Germany). Mannitol was a kind gift of Lisapharma S.p.A. (Erba, Italy). Chitosan (ChitoClear®, batch TM1874) was supplied by Primex (Siglufjordur, Iceland). The oligosaccharide α-cyclodextrin (α–CD, A.C.E.F. S.p.A., Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy). Lecithin (LIPOID S45) was obtained from Lipoid GmBH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Degassed ultrapure water (Purelab Flex, ELGA-Veolia LabWater, Zoppola, Italy) was used in all experiments. All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin suppresses the monocyte-endothelial adhesion triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Guo Chen, Yun Zhou, Wendiao Zhang, Ying Qin, Bo Wei, Yanan Sun, Yong Chen
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Cyclodextrins are made up of various numbers of α-(1,4)-linked glucopyranose subunits, such as α-cyclodextrin (α-CD; six subunits), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD; seven subunits), γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD; eight subunits), among others (Duchene and Bochot 2016). Due to the barrel-like structure with a hydrophobic internal cavity surrounded by a hydrophilic outer surface, cyclodextrins have long been developed as well-known, highly-efficient food/drug carriers/excipients for improving the water solubility of foods/drugs (Li et al. 2007; 2014; Saokham et al. 2018; Carneiro et al. 2019). To improve the water solubility, various cyclodextrin derivatives have been developed, such as methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), a widely studied derivative of β-CD particularly in cell experiments (Ashrafzadeh and Parmryd 2015; Zhang et al. 2019).
A cationic cyclodextrin derivative-lipid hybrid nanoparticles for gene delivery effectively promotes stability and transfection efficiency
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Zhongjuan Wang, Shaobin Xu, Hongying Xia, Yanqiu Liu, Bin Li, Yueqin Liang, Zhongkun Li
α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) was purchased from Shandong Binzhou Zhiyuan Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. (Shandong, China). 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). PAMAM dendrimer generation 2.0 (PAMAM G2) was synthesized by our laboratory. 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTMA) was purchased from Shanghai AVT Pharm-Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) was obtained from Cordenpharma Co. Ltd. (Switzerland). 1,3-dioleoyloxy-2-(6-carboxy-spermyl)-propylamide (DOSPER) was purchased from Shanghai Beizhuo Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. (Shandong, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether were purchased from Guangzhou Reagent Inc. (Guangzhou, China). All solvents were distilled to remove any traces of water before use. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and penicillin–streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) were purchased from Hyclone (USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from ScienCell (USA). pEGFPC1 was constructed previously by our laboratory. Chlorpromazine, filipin, and cytochalasion D were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All other reagents were of analytical grades.
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