Coronary Artery Disease
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Diagnosis of CAD is based on medical history, physical examination, and routine blood tests. Other diagnostic tests include ECG, echocardiogram, an exercise stress test, a nuclear stress test, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac CT scan. Electrocardiogram can reveal evidence of a previous heart attack or even one that is currently happening. Echocardiogram allows for examination of all parts of the heart wall, revealing signs of CAD. An exercise stress test involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bicycle as an ECG is being performed, and sometimes an echocardiogram is done as well. For some patients, a medication is used to stimulate the heart instead of exercise. A nuclear stress test is similar to an exercise stress test, but provides images as well as ECG recordings, measuring blood flow to the heart muscle during stress and at rest via specialized cameras. In cardiac catheterization, a catheter is inserted into a groin, neck, or arm artery or vein and carefully pushed to the heart, guided by the use of various imaging techniques. Dye may be injected to improve imaging of the blood vessels and any blockages. A cardiac CT helps visualize calcium deposits in the arteries that can narrow them, indicating likely CAD. Also, in a CT coronary angiogram, a contrast dye is injected intravenously to produce detailed images of the coronary arteries (see Figure 9.1).
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Peate Ian, Dutton Helen in Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Electrocardiograms (ECG) are used as diagnostic tools for visualising the electrical activity of the heart. The cardiac monitor is commonly used for real-time monitoring of heart rate and rhythm of patients that require close observation for changes in the heart’s function. However, the cardiac monitor will usually only show the activity of the heart from one viewpoint at a time. The 12 lead ECG provides 12 different views of the heart, from standardised positions, and would be taken as part of the ABCDE assessment if the patient complains of chest pain or palpations, or an irregular pulse is felt. It is recorded intermittently, as it requires the patient to lie still whilst 10 electrodes are attached to the chest and limbs. Often, a series of 12 lead ECGs are needed to observe for the changes to the conduction pattern that may occur during acute coronary syndromes or following the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs.
The Mirage microfiber sirolimus eluting coronary scaffold
Yoshinobu Onuma, Patrick W.J.C. Serruys in Bioresorbable Scaffolds, 2017
After signing informed consent, subjects were randomized in a blinded fashion in a 1:1 ratio of MMSES to BVSs. Randomized subjects who were not treated with the assigned study scaffold were followed for safety purposes through the 12 months’ primary endpoint period and were included in the intent-to-treat analysis and underwent the same follow-up assessments. For all subjects, a baseline electrocardiogram, white blood cell count, and platelet count were obtained within 7 days of the procedure. A creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase myocardial-band (CK-MB) isoenzyme test were obtained within 72 hours of the procedure. The antiplatelet regimen for this study required that all patients were already on daily aspirin therapy at the time of recruitment or were given at least 300 mg of aspirin 6 hours before the procedure. Furthermore, the patients were pretreated with a 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel, at least within 2 hours postprocedure.
Comparison of different QT correction methods for nonclinical safety assessment in ketamine-anesthetized Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Laxit K. Bhatt, Chitrang R. Shah, Rajesh J. Patel, Shital D. Patel, Sudhir R. Patel, Vipul A. Patel, Jitendra H. Patel, Pankaj Dwivedi, Niraj A. Shah, Rajesh S. Sundar, Mukul R. Jain
Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are an important noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmias. Torsades de Pointes (TdP) is an important cardiac arrhythmia type of concern that can lead to sudden death. TdP, a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, is characterized by a long QT interval. Lengthening of QT interval causes prolongation of repolarization followed by early after-depolarizations, ultimately, leading to arrhythmias. Drug-induced TdP is caused by certain classes of antiarrhythmic drugs (Class Ia, Ic or III), tricyclic antidepressants, certain antivirals and antifungals (Yap and Camm 2003; Al-Khatib et al. 2003; Li and Ramos 2017). The ability of a drug to induce TdP in humans is difficult to predict in animal studies (Chaves et al. 2006; Guth 2007). Hence, electrocardiographic evaluation of QT interval prolongation is used as an indicator of arrhythmic risk in preclinical testing (Guideline ICH S7A 2001; Guideline ICH S7B 2005).
The Relationship Between Kiritsu-Meijin-Derived Autonomic Function Parameters and Visual-Field Defects in Eyes with Open-Angle Glaucoma
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
Yurina Yamada, Naoki Kiyota, Mitsuhide Yoshida, Kazuko Omodaka, Toru Nakazawa
The quantification of autonomic function in this study employed the Kiritsu-Meijin device (Crosswell Corporation, Coral Gables, FL), shown in Figure 1(A), as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The test commences with the subject sitting down for 2 min, then standing up and keeping a standing position for 2 min, and finally sitting back down and maintaining a seated position for 1 min (Figure 1(B)). The aim is to assess the reflex activation of the sympathetic nerve in response to standing up and the subsequent activation of the parasympathetic nervous system to sustain balance against activation of the sympathetic nerve, and to assess autonomic nerve function at rest. A BP cuff is placed on the left upper arm and measured once a minute. Electrodes are attached to the limbs (on the right arm and left foot) to continuously monitor and record an electrocardiogram in real time. Heart rate variations caused by respiration are quantified and averaged for each stage.
An effective ECG signal compression algorithm with self controlled reconstruction quality
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Hardev Singh Pal, A. Kumar, Amit Vishwakarma, Girish Kumar Singh, Heung-No Lee
Electrocardiography (ECG) is a widely used procedure for the detection of heart-related abnormalities. Thus, ECG recording systems are quite popular and frequently used. Long terms recordings of ECG signals generate a huge volume of data as these are recorded at higher data resolutions, which requires an ample amount of storage space and bandwidth for transmission (Gupta et al. 2014). Therefore, data compression techniques are considered an essential part of telemedicine applications for effective utilization of the present resources. It removes redundancies present in raw data and minimizes the required size for storage. In this regard, several compression algorithms have been proposed for ECG signals (Bera et al. 2020; Qian et al. 2020; Banerjee and Singh 2021; C. K. Jha and Kolekar 2021a, 2021b; Pal et al. 2022; Thilagavathy and Venkataramani 2022).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Cardiac Cycle
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Depolarization
- Myocardial Infarction
- Heart
- Cardiac Muscle
- Repolarization
- Ventricular Tachycardia
- Electrogram