Pharmacotherapy of Neurochemical Imbalances
Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur in Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Nervous tissue possesses a superior capability to expend some chemical substances for communication, fairly numerous from that of neurotransmitters, that is proscribed to specific neurons. These chemical substances are known as neurohormones, substances produced from neurosecretory cells of the nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. Neurohormones have ability to travel to distant non-neuronal locations like endocrine messengers through blood and lymph. Unlike neurotransmitters, they are inactivated slowly and they are used by cells only once for the same action. Thus, neurohormones are the major mediators between nervous and non-nervous system (Scharrer, 1969). Yet, using this term is ambiguous because many times hypothalamic neurons also form synapses with central neurons. Cytochemical evidence indicates that the same substances that are secreted as hormones from the posterior pituitary, mediate transmission at these sites (Bloom, 2006).
General Organization of the Nervous System
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand in Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
The nervous system is made up of highly differentiated tissues, the function of which is the transmission of information. In lower animals, such a system does not exist and each stimulation of sensory cells by environmental factors is propagated to muscle cells via cytoplasmic expansions. A similar organization can still be found in olfactory cells in humans, but in the higher animals a nerve cell usually mediates the propagation of excitatory stimuli applied to other nerve or muscle cells. Thus a system of nerves is created and it is called the autonomic nervous system. This system is subdivided into two antagonist parts: the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral) nervous systems. The combination and intermingling of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers allow precise and automatic (involuntary) regulation of vital functions.
Aortic and Arterial Mechanics
Michel R. Labrosse in Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
A unique feature of many soft tissues is their ability to contract via actin–myosin interactions within specialized cells called myocytes. Examples include the cardiac muscle of the heart, the skeletal muscle of the arms and legs, and the smooth muscle, which is found in many tissues, including the airways, arteries, and uterus. A famous equation in muscle mechanics was postulated in 1938 by A.V. Hill to describe the force–velocity relationship. This relationship, like many subsequent ones, focuses on one-dimensional (1D) behavior of the myocyte or muscle along its axis; data typically come from tests on muscle fibers or strips or, in some cases, rings taken from arteries or airways. Although much has been learned, much remains to be discovered, particularly with respect to the multiaxial behavior. The interested reader is referred to Fung [17].
Overview of gene expression techniques with an emphasis on vitamin D related studies
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Jeffrey Justin Margret, Sushil K. Jain
Cells continuously communicate with each other through the proteins they secrete, other small molecules, and ligand receptor interactions. Tissues form from the integration of cells, which underlies the fundamental composition of the organism. Thus, studying the spatial profiling of the cellular composition of tissues will lead to a better understanding of cell types. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) facilitates the study of the impact of tissue architecture and cell-to-cell interactions. ST is a spatially barcoded RNA-seq technique that allows systemic measurement of the gene expression of the genes throughout the tissue of interest. Cell behavior can be affected significantly by its tissue environment through direct contact or extracellular matrix interactions. Communication between the cells is spatially coordinated and variations in cell composition can significantly change in their gene expression patterns even within the same cell type. Data from the cellular location and gene expression are integrated, allowing them to be linked with cell morphology36. ST provides an unbiased picture of spatial composition in a spectrum of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders37. Each of the ST techniques has its own limitations in terms of coverage, resolution, and efficiency. The intricacy of ST data is one of its major technical limitations. In addition, high cost and specialized equipment make ST more complex and limit its application38.
Bazi Bushen capsule attenuates cognitive deficits by inhibiting microglia activation and cellular senescence
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Chuanyuan Ji, Cong Wei, Mengnan Li, Shuang Shen, Shixiong Zhang, Yunlong Hou, Yiling Wu
Neurons are the main components of brain tissue, which exchange information by receiving, integrating, conducting and outputting information. Nissl bodies are plaque-like or granular substances present in neurons. They are composed of a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, which mainly synthesize proteins required for the renewal of organelles. Nissl bodies can be used as a marker of neuronal functional status. The Nissl bodies undergo decrease, loss and dissolution in an injured neuron. Nissl bodies can increase and return to normal levels in the recovery from neuronal injury (Kaufmann et al. 2012). The current study showed that BZBS can protect against neuronal damage and ameliorate the cognitive deficits in d-gal-induced ageing mice (Figure 4(C,D)).
Effect of muscle distribution on lung function in young adults
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Wenbo Shu, Mengchi Chen, Zhengyi Xie, Liqian Huang, Binbin Huang, Peng Liu
A prolonged state of decline in VC results in hindered muscle function of the limbs, atrophy, weakness, and reduction of oxidative capacity (Bui et al. 2019; Shah et al. 2019). Swallow et al. found that the strength of the quadriceps muscle can predict the mortality of patients with moderate to severe COPD (Swallow et al. 2007). In addition to increasing the strength of the breathing muscles, exercise and training of the limbs can also enhance the contractility of the diaphragm, improve the elasticity of the thorax and alveoli, and improve lung compliance (Haas et al. 1985). All of the above are the correlation studies between lung function and limb function in patients with lung diseases. A strong positive correlation also exists between the strength of the flexor and extensor muscles of the lower limbs and the strength of the respiratory muscles in healthy people. The joint development of these parameters is conducive to improving the performance of athletes (Akınog˘Lu et al. 2019). Amann et al. (2010) found that the central brain commands, and the afferent feedback from the muscles of the limbs interact with each other, affecting the cardiopulmonary response. As such, limb function and respiratory function are closely related and affect the size of lung capacity. The role of limb muscle tissue is important.