The renal system
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
The term urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary passage of urine. The risk for urinary incontinence increase with aging and it is a common problem in older adults. Causes of urinary incontinence include: Stresses (laughing, coughing, squatting) that increase pressure on the bladderOveractive bladder (OAB) – changes in nervous innervation or bladder muscle function that occur with aging may lead to urinary urgency and incomplete voiding of the bladderBladder overflow—involuntary urine loss that occurs when the bladder is overdistended
Fluid balance and continence care
Barbara Smith, Linda Field in Nursing Care, 2019
If there are problems or deficits with any of these factors, the person may become incontinent. With this in mind, we can consider the possible causes of urinary incontinence, which include the following: InfectionConstipationMuscle damageNerve damageCongenital problemsImmobilisation/problems with mobilityInability to communicate appropriatelyStress incontinence after childbirth
Urodynamic Investigations: Do They Make a Difference in the Outcome?
Victor Gomel, Bruno van Herendael in Female Genital Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence, 2007
As stated before, urodynamic tests are just one of several investigative methods and they should not stand alone. If a patient presents with urinary incontinence it is important to make a proper diagnosis as a result of the clinical assessment; in many cases sophisticated urodynamic tests are not necessary. A general assessment, frequency/volume chart, physical examination and proper stress tests will provide the physician with substantial information towards the diagnosis. If urinary tract infection is excluded and residual urine is absent, a presumptive diagnosis of stress, urge or mixed incontinence can be made and the patient started on conservative treatments such as pelvic floor physiotherapy, bladder training, life style adaptations and appropriate medications. However, it remains unclear if these data are sufficient to decide on undertaking surgery. One may argue that a patient with USI and no history of other symptoms or signs, corroborated with a complete diagnostic workout will have no strong need for urodynamic testing. However, there can be little doubt that urodynamic testing is necessary in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment or those who present with a more complex form of USI.
The clinical implications and importance of anemia in older women
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Osman Kara, Lee Smith, Semen Gokce Tan, Pinar Soysal
Patients’ age, gender, education level, and comorbidities were recorded. In addition, comorbidity status of the patients was evaluated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). All the participants underwent the CGA including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale-15 for neurocognitive evaluation, Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (BADL and IADL) for functional evaluation, Tinetti Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility (POMA) and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) for mobility evaluation. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was performed in all patients to detect nutritional status. If the total MNA score was > 23.5 and ≤23.5, the patient was categorised as ‘well nourished’ and ‘poor nutritional status’, respectively. While the number of drugs used by the patients was recorded, the drugs and their subgroups were not recorded in detail. Using five or more drugs was considered as polypharmacy. Urinary incontinence was defined as involuntary urinary leakage in the last 3 months except for urinary tract infection. Repeated falls were considered positive if the patient had fallen at least twice in the previous year except for slipping on a carpet or on wet ground [9]. Depression was diagnosed using the geriatric depression scale-15 (GDS-15). A score of ≥5 on the GDS-15 was considered as depression [14]. MMSE scores < 24 was considered as cognitive impairment [15].
Does the climacteric influence the prevalence, incidence and type of urinary incontinence?
Published in Climacteric, 2023
The reported prevalence of urinary incontinence among women varies widely in different studies due to the use of different definitions, the heterogenicity of different study populations and population sampling procedures (summarized in Milsom et al. [1]). In addition, different definitions of urinary incontinence have been applied. Urinary incontinence has been defined in the joint report from the International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) as any involuntary leakage of urine [13]. However, some authors have chosen to restrict prevalence figures according to the frequency of involuntary urinary leakage – for example, based only on daily, weekly, monthly or annual urinary leakage. Thus, for the reasons already given, it is difficult to compare the results of different population studies. However, when reviewing the literature, there is considerable evidence to support the theory that the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women increases with age, but there are divergent opinions regarding the pattern of this increase [1,14–19].
Urinary Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2020
Fatemeh Abdi, Zahra Atarodi Kashani, Reza Pakzad, Farzane Alidost
This is the first systematic review that simultaneously assessed the symptoms and prevalence of sexual dysfunction and urinary disorders in patients with MS. The aim of this study was to examine urinary disorders and sexual dysfunction simultaneously in patient with MS who were also suffering from multiple disabilities. Given that the underlying disease is very important, MS is a progressive chronic disease, women with MS may experience difficulties performing in their daily tasks, and also they do not know to what extent disease will be developed, so they may experience more stress or feel anxious and a decreased quality of life. In addition, they cannot have the necessary self-efficacy in performing their daily tasks, social roles and husbands satisfaction (Yılmaz et al., 2017). These problems can directly affect their quality of life and family and social roles. In addition, studies have shown that spinal cord and brain lesions can lead to bladder dysfunction through bladder hyperreflexia, lack of coordination between the sphincter, and detrusor areflexia (Borello-France et al., 2004). Urinary incontinence can also cause anxiety, low self-esteem, and decreased libido, which consequently affect sexual function (Ashtari et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2011; Turhan et al., 2015).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bladder Training
- Enuresis
- Geriatrics
- Kegel Exercise
- Nocturnal Enuresis
- Overactive Bladder
- Overflow Incontinence
- Quality of Life
- Urination
- Quality of Life
- Stress Incontinence