ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Nocturnal enuresis (or, more prosaically, BEDWETTING) is a loss of bladder control during the night. It occurs in children more often than adults and is a problem associated with SLOW-WAVE SLEEP (see SLEEP DISORDERS). It has been associated with ANXIETY and with hormonal disturbances (see HORMONES). It is often treated by BEHAVIOUR THERAPY: an ENURETIC BLANKET is used. The presence of only a few drops of urine on this completes an electrical circuit and causes a bell to ring. Quite quickly, children can learn to associate the initiation of bladder emptying with waking, after which of course, the bladder can be emptied. Nocturnal enuresis resistant to such therapy and not associated with anxiety can persist into adulthood.
Urinary incontinence
Brice Antao, S Irish Michael, Anthony Lander, S Rothenberg MD Steven in Succeeding in Paediatric Surgery Examinations, 2017
From the list above, select the most likely cause for nocturnal enuresis in relation to the clinical scenarios below. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. An 8-year-old child was referred for bed-wetting with a family history of nocturnal enuresis.A 7-year-old was referred with a history of wetting the bed soon after going to sleep.A 9-year-old was referred with bed-wetting and a history of sleep apnoea.
Accident and Emergency
Nagi Giumma Barakat in Get Through, 2006
Nocturnal enuresis can be due to a lack of stability in bladder function, a lack of arginine vasopressin release during sleep or an inability to wake from sleep in response to the sensation of a full bladder. Imipramine is not often used - although some paediatricians still employ it. A detailed history with a full assessment will help in planning management. Under the age of 5 years, trials of charts, rewards and fluid restriction are the first steps. Then medication and desmopressin are more effective in nocturnal enuresis. However, if the child has day-and-night wetting, oxybutynin can help. Alarms are effective and can be tried before medication after the age of 5 years.
Temporal Reward Discounting in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2019
Gabrielle Chequer de Castro Paiva, Danielle de Souza Costa, Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz, Débora Marques de Miranda, Jonas Jardim de Paula
The diagnostic criteria used for ADHD were similar among the studies. Four of the five studies used a version of the Conner’s’ Parent Rating Scale (Conners, 2008), and the other one used only the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (Birmaher et al., 2009). Thus, DSM-IV (APA, 1994) criteria for ADHD was adopted in all studies. Other complementary measures used were: ADHD Rating Scale (Pappas, 2006) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 2001) (3 studies); Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, Fourth Edition (Shaffer, Fisher, Lucas, Dulcan, and Schwab- Stone, 2000) and ADHD Rating Scale (Pappas, 2006) (2 studies); and finally, Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, Dumenci, & Rescorla, 2001), and SNAP-IV (Mattos, Pinheiro, Rohde, & Pinto, 2006) (1 study). Oppositional Defiant Disorder comorbidity was described in all studies. One article also described symptoms of nocturnal enuresis, anxiety and depression (Scheres et al., 2006). The study with children with ASD used the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Rutter, Le Couteur, & Lord, 2003) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 2000) as diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic classification was based on DSM-IV criteria.
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicidality among children and adolescents with thalassemia major—A Turkish sample
Published in Children's Health Care, 2019
Abdurrahman Cahid Örengül, İlknur Ucuz, Nergiz Oner Battaloglu, Gulcihan Ozek, Vahdet Gormez
The high rates of nocturnal enuresis in the present study is an interesting one. Repeated voiding rates, but not enuresis, were 7.3% in the study of Ghanizadeh et al. (2006), however mean age of participants in their study was higher than the present study. Findings of the present study are in accordance with the findings in Ekinci et al. (2013) study, in which TM was reported to be a major risk factor for nocturnal enuresis. Besides, patients with enuresis were of younger age and had family history for enuresis and psychosocial family problems (Ekinci et al., 2013). In other studies, prevalence rate of enuresis was 12.2% in pre-adolescent children with TM (Beratis, 1993), and enuresis was more prevalent than healthy control group (33% vs 17%) in a case control study with 5–15 years old Indian children with TM (Saini et al., 2007). Thus, results of the present study supports higher prevalence of enuresis nocturna in children with TM.
Pharmacologic therapies for the management of non-neurogenic urinary incontinence in children
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Tiernan Middleton, Pamela Ellsworth
Nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting is the most common type of urinary incontinence in children. Up to 15–20% of children still wet the bed nocturnally at the age of 5 years, with an annual response rate of 15% such that by the age of 16 years only around 2% continue to have bedwetting[1]. However, in severe bedwetters (>5 nights per week), only half will achieve spontaneous resolution before adulthood[2]. Nocturnal enuresis may be primary or secondary (developing after a 6-month interval of dry nights). Nocturnal enuresis has been classified as monosymptomatic (without other lower urinary tract symptoms) or non-monosymptomatic[3]. However, this subclassification may be overly simplistic. Possible causes of nocturnal enuresis are (1) increased nocturnal urine production (nocturnal polyuria), (2) sleep disorder and/or (3) bladder overactivity. Over the years, increased understanding of the pathophysiology has suggested a role of hypodopaminergic function in the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is an important mediator in the pathophysiology of nocturnal polyuria and sleep disorders by its effects on diuresis and nocturnal circadian rhythms[4]. Alterations in AVP circadian rhythms as well as other intrinsic renal circadian rhythms may be involved in NE[5]. Behavioral and pharmacologic therapies exist for the management of nocturnal enuresis. The incidence of nocturnal enuresis is higher in children with gastrointestinal issues, respiratory issues, and psychiatric conditions such as constipation, sleep apnea, and ADHD. [6] Management may differ between those with monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Behaviour Therapy
- Bladder
- Sleep
- Urinary Incontinence
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Specific Developmental Disorder
- Family History
- Bedwetting Alarm
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Urethral Sounding