The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Other urinary symptoms are nonspecific and may arise from numerous causes. Frequency and urgency generally indicate a relative decrease in bladder capacity, which may result from loss of elasticity caused by infection or inflammation or may be related to bladder mucosal injury from stones, tumors, or infections. Nocturia (voiding during the night) may reflect early renal disease, may be associated with cardiac or hepatic failure, or may simply result from excessive fluid intake. Enuresis (bed-wetting at night) is physiologic during the first two or three years of life but later may be produced by a delay in neuromuscular development or organic disease.
Respiratory, endocrine, cardiac, and renal topics
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara in Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Treatment should be adapted to the child’s age. Children under the age of 6 years may be managed by reassurance. Explaining to the child and his family that he has different patterns of sleep and does not sense the need to urinate, can help to relieve the psychological consequences of enuresis. Preventing irregular sleepwake patterns and sleep deprivation may control bedwetting in young children. For older children, understanding and support are the most important attitudes towards helping the patient; but the child should not be left in diapers at night and should be assigned household responsibilities associated with the problem. Independent of the age of patients, reward systems (star charts given for dry nights, lifting or waking the child at night to urinate, retention control training to enlarge bladder capacity, fluid restriction) have been widely advised as a first-line method.
ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Nocturnal enuresis (or, more prosaically, BEDWETTING) is a loss of bladder control during the night. It occurs in children more often than adults and is a problem associated with SLOW-WAVE SLEEP (see SLEEP DISORDERS). It has been associated with ANXIETY and with hormonal disturbances (see HORMONES). It is often treated by BEHAVIOUR THERAPY: an ENURETIC BLANKET is used. The presence of only a few drops of urine on this completes an electrical circuit and causes a bell to ring. Quite quickly, children can learn to associate the initiation of bladder emptying with waking, after which of course, the bladder can be emptied. Nocturnal enuresis resistant to such therapy and not associated with anxiety can persist into adulthood.
Temporal Reward Discounting in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2019
Gabrielle Chequer de Castro Paiva, Danielle de Souza Costa, Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz, Débora Marques de Miranda, Jonas Jardim de Paula
The diagnostic criteria used for ADHD were similar among the studies. Four of the five studies used a version of the Conner’s’ Parent Rating Scale (Conners, 2008), and the other one used only the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (Birmaher et al., 2009). Thus, DSM-IV (APA, 1994) criteria for ADHD was adopted in all studies. Other complementary measures used were: ADHD Rating Scale (Pappas, 2006) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 2001) (3 studies); Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, Fourth Edition (Shaffer, Fisher, Lucas, Dulcan, and Schwab- Stone, 2000) and ADHD Rating Scale (Pappas, 2006) (2 studies); and finally, Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, Dumenci, & Rescorla, 2001), and SNAP-IV (Mattos, Pinheiro, Rohde, & Pinto, 2006) (1 study). Oppositional Defiant Disorder comorbidity was described in all studies. One article also described symptoms of nocturnal enuresis, anxiety and depression (Scheres et al., 2006). The study with children with ASD used the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Rutter, Le Couteur, & Lord, 2003) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 2000) as diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic classification was based on DSM-IV criteria.
A consecutive case series analysis of a behavioral intervention for enuresis in children with developmental disabilities
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2018
Joanna Lomas Mevers, Colin Muething, Nathan A. Call, Mindy Scheithauer, Shannon Hewett
In one notable exception to the reliance on single-subject methods, Hanney et al.26 reported successful toileting outcomes from an outpatient clinic affiliated with a university-based preschool for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The authors reported outcomes for several patients treated for enuresis over a 7-year period. This approach is an intermediary step between single-subject methods and randomized clinical trials because it allows for the use of single-subject methods with individual participants, but by presenting outcomes from most of the individuals treated over a set period, evidence is obtained regarding the probability of positive outcomes.31,32 Although the Hanney et al. study provided some limited evidence of the efficacy of behavioral interventions for enuresis, they did not report baseline rates of continence for the participants. Baseline rates are necessary to effectively ascertain the magnitude of any increase in continence or decrease in incontinence. In addition, the study only reported outcome data for about two thirds of the participants that completed the program and did not include long-term outcome data for any participants. Although the authors anecdotally reported that the intervention they evaluated rapidly transferred to parents and other settings, long-term data are necessary to evaluate if continence generalizes to the home and maintains across time.
Diurnal enuresis developing in association with risperidone and aripiprazole use in a child with autism spectrum disorder: a case report
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2018
Hamza Ayaydın, Şermin Bilgen Ulgar
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. Risperidone and aripiprazole appear to be effective in associated behavioural problems with ASDs, including irritability, aggressiveness, hyperactivity, self-injurious behaviour, and stereotypies [1,2]. Diurnal enuresis is defined as involuntary daytime voiding of urine. Enuresis is a side-effect that adversely affects treatment compliance and quality of life for children and their carers. Various psychotropic agents have been reported to cause nocturnal enuresis. In order of prevalence, these include clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone [3]. Younger age may also add a greater risk for enuresis [4]. In our case, new-onset diurnal enuresis was observed as a side-effect after risperidone use. Risperidone therapy was stopped, and the patient was started on arıpiprazole in the light of reports of the therapeutic effect of aripiprazole in the treatment of clozapine-related enuresis [5].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Behaviour Therapy
- Caffeine
- Diaper
- Diuretic
- Nocturnal Enuresis
- Urinary Incontinence
- Urination
- Vasopressin
- Age Appropriateness
- Pinworm