Wuchereria bancrofti
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2015
Pathology Most infections are asymptomatic, but about a third of infected people exhibit clinical signs including fever, swelling of lymph nodes, lymphedema (obstruction by adult worms of lymph flow followed by swelling), and hydrocele (accumulation of fluid in the scrotum). Chyluria (lymph in the urine) may occur. Inflammatory responses to Wolbachia symbionts found in adults may contribute to pathology. Impaired lymphatic function makes it harder to fight skin and lymphatic infections. The most well-known manifestation is elephantiasis (Figure 3), namely the thickening and hardening of skin and underlying tissue, especially in the legs and feet. Permanent disability can result and disfigured people may be shunned. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome marked by cough, wheezing, high levels of IgE, and eosinophilia may result.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward in Case Studies in Infectious Disease, 2010
The most common clinical manifestation of lymphatic filariasis is hydro-coele, whereby adult W. bancrofti localize in the scrotal lymphatics and lymphatics of the spermatic cord. Adult worms can also cause acute adenolymphangitis, accompanied by fever. Episodes of acute adenolymphangitis probably relate to the death of adult worms and settle over a week, but can recur. The lymphatic channels become damaged and dilate (lymphangiectasia). Poor lymphatic drainage predisposes to secondary bacterial infection. When bacteria inflame afferent lymphatics red streaks appear along their course (lymphangitis) and further lymphatic damage occurs. Eventually lymphedema can develop in the limbs or genitals, which can lead to elephantiasis (Figures 1 and 4). Lymphedema stretches the skin and causes it to thicken, with underlying fibrosis. Pushing a finger into the swollen leg does not create an indented pit. Cracks in the skin can lead to further secondary bacterial infection, aggravating the damage already done to the lymphatics. Sometimes blocked lymphatics within the abdomen can result in lymph discharging into the urinary tract. Urine takes on a milky appearance due to the fat content of lymph. This is called chyluria.
Lymphatic disorders
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Filariasis is the most common cause, with chyluria occurring in 1-2% of cases 10-20 years after initial infestation. It usually presents as painless passage of milky white urine, particularly after a fatty meal. The chyle may clot, leading to renal colic, and hypoproteinaemia may result. Chyluria may also be caused by ascariasis, malaria, tumour and tuberculosis. Intravenous urography and/or lymphangiography will often demonstrate the lymphourinary fistula. Treatment includes a low-fat and high- protein diet, increased oral fluids to prevent clot colic, and laparotomy and ligation of the dilated lymphatics. Attempts have also been made to sclerose the lymphatics either directly or via instrumentation of the bladder, ureter and renal pelvis.
A risk prediction model of urinary tract infections for patients with neurogenic bladder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Wenqiang Wang, Peng Xie, Jing Zhang, Wenzhi Cai
Urine is a kind of liquid excrement discharged from the body through the urinary system and urinary tract for metabolism. Urine can not only regulate the balance of water and electrolyte, eliminate metabolic waste, but also reveal many diseases. Close monitoring the changes of components of urine can be a method for early detection of UTI. Urine PH value reflects the kidney’s ability to regulate acid-base balance. The body can discharge many acidic and alkaline substances through urine to maintain acid-base balance. In this study, Urine pH > 7 is a risk factor for UTIs, and gets the risk score of graded 85 points in prediction of UTI (Figure 1, Tables 3 and 4). To some extent, the detection of LEU can determine whether there is inflammation or infection in patients. In this study, LEU> 54.35/μL is a risk factor for UTIs (p < 0.001, Table 3), and gets the risk score of graded 100 points in prediction of UTI (Table 4). When UTI occurs, most of the urine is alkaline. The precipitation of urate、phosphate and carbonate, UTI and chyluria make the urine turbid. The most common pathological cause of urinary turbidity is UTI. In this study, Urine clarity (CLA) is associated with UTIs in univariate analysis, but multivariate analysis finds no significant correlation (Tables 3 and 4).
Hemolymphangioma invasion of R scapula and mediastinum: a rare case report
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2022
Qianqian Ying, Shengzhi Cui, Kai Zhou, Ying Chen, Peng Wei, Qidong Ye
Hemolymphangioma is a rare congenital benign tumor composed of dense fibrous tissues, and forms bands between many vascular spaces. It invades the subcutaneous fat and involves blood and lymphatic vessels.7,8 Besides, it is common in the neck, head, or gastrointestinal tract. Only 49 cases were found in PubMed databases (English articles) using the keyword “hemolymphangioma”. Sztaba et al. reported the first hemolymphangioma case in 1965 in an infant.9 Hou et al. reported a hemolymphangioma case involving bones and internal organs,6 where hemolymphangioma invaded the bones and bladder of a patient with an 8-year history of chyluria and hematuria.
Evaluation of lymphatic filariasis in endemic area of Brazil where mass drug administration is not required
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Ellyda Silva, Amanda Xavier, Elis Silva, Walter Barbosa Júnior, Abraham Rocha, Vania Freitas, Paula Oliveira, Ana Maria Aguiar-Santos, Cristine Bonfim, Zulma Medeiros
All participants answered a questionnaire containing the following variables: age, sex, time of residence, previous use of DEC, and signs and symptoms of filarial disease. Individuals with any complaint of lymphedema, acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA), hydrocele, and chyluria were considered symptomatic[26].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bladder
- Lymph
- Malnutrition
- Urine
- Vitamin Deficiency
- Wuchereria Bancrofti
- Chyle
- Ureter
- Renal Hilum
- Filariasis