The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The urinary bladder is a distensible, muscular sacm the pelvis. When empty, the bladder's walls collapse; as it fills, it expands upward. Covered at the top by peritoneum, the bladder is separated from the rectum posteriorly by the rectovesical pouch in the male and from the uterus by the vesicouterine pouch in the female. The internal floor of the bladder forms a smooth triangular area known as the urethral trigone (trigonon is Greek for "triangle"). At the posterolateral angles of the trigone, the ureters enter at the uretic orifices; at the front angle is the internal urethral orifice through which the urethra leaves the bladder. The detrusor uniae muscles, the muscles of the bladder, stretch when the bladder fills and contract in response to relaxation of the urethral sphincter to empty the contents.
The urinary tract and male reproductive system
C. Simon Herrington in Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Urinary tract infection may involve either the bladder or the kidneys and renal pelvis, or both. The single most important criterion for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection is the presence of bacteria in the urine, called bacteriuria. In urine obtained through a bladder catheter the presence of an organism is significant whereas in the commonly used midstream sample there may be some contamination by urethral or perineal organisms. In these latter samples a bacterial count of ≥105/mL is accepted as definitive of infection. Bacteriuria in the absence of symptoms is termed ‘asymptomatic bacteriuria’ and is of importance under two circumstances: In infancy, where, in the presence of ureteric reflux, it can lead to ascent of infection to the kidney.In pregnancy, where it may be followed by symptomatic infection predisposing to hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and prematurity.
The renal system
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Approximately 74,000 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States in 2015. The average age at diagnosis is 74 years. Men are three to four times more likely to develop bladder cancer than women. The vast majority of bladder cancers arise from the transitional epithelial cells that line the bladder. Tumors may be papillary or flat and have varying degrees of invasiveness. Because the bladder stores urine, the bladder epithelium will be bathed in any carcinogens that are excreted and concentrated into the urine. As such, cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for the development of bladder cancer. Individuals who have been exposed to industrial solvents, toxins and carcinogens likewise have a greater risk for the development of bladder cancer. Most cases of bladder cancer are initially asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur they may include hematuria, urinary urgency, and dysuria. Treatment and prognosis of bladder cancer is dependent upon the type of cancer cells that are present and their invasiveness.
Managing autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a review of emerging drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2020
Dinkar Kulshreshtha, Jacky Ganguly, Mandar Jog
The primary function of urinary bladder is the storage and voiding of urine. This is facilitated by a synchronization between detrusor muscle and urethral sphincter, which in turn is related to the neuronal networks in the spinal cord and brain. The detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter are supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and are under involuntary control while the external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control and supplied by the pudendal nerve. While sympathetic stimulation causes detrusor relaxation and urethral sphincter contraction and aids storage, parasympathetic stimulation has the opposite effect and causes voiding [13]. Fifty-five to eighty percent of PD patients complain of bladder dysfunction at some point in time. Both storage (urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, with or without incontinence) and voiding (slow and/or interrupted stream, terminal dribble, hesitancy and straining) symptoms occur in PD [14]. Nocturia, a common symptom in PD may be due to nocturnal polyuria, characterized by increased nocturnal urine production of more than 20–33% of the entire 24-h volume [15]. Reduced bladder capacity, poor compliance and detrusor overactivity (DO) have been shown in urodynamic studies [16]. The proposed mechanism for overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in PD is disruption of the dopamine D1-GABAergic direct pathway and its GABAergic collateral to the micturition circuit, resulting in loss of inhibition of the micturition reflex and OAB symptoms [17–19].
The Prevalence of Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction in Children with Cerebral Palsy and its Association with Motor, Cognitive, and Autonomic Function
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Moriah Baram, Luba Zuk, Tohar Stattler, Michal Katz-Leurer
In a literature review, Samijn et al. (2017)11 indicated that abnormal bladder responses are common in children with CP during filling, and the pelvic floor muscles are hyperactive during voiding. These symptoms stem from delayed or incomplete development of the bladder and hyper-tonus of the pelvic floor muscles. Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is found among 59% of children with CP.11 This condition leads to a small bladder capacity relative to the age norm and involuntary bladder contractions resulting in urinary incontinence. Children with spasticity tend to present overactivity of the pelvic floor muscles. The lack of coordination between the contraction of the bladder and the relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles can lead to recurrent infections, urinary incontinence, and renal reflux.
Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: current concepts on a common multifaceted problem
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2018
Kallirhoe Kalinderi, Dimitrios Delkos, Michail Kalinderis, Apostolos Athanasiadis, Ioannis Kalogiannidis
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common health problem characterised by the presence of microbial pathogens in any part of the urinary tract including the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra. UTI is more common in women due to shorter urethra, closer proximity of the anus with vagina, as well as easier entry of pathogenic microorganisms by sexual activity (Mittal and Wing 2005). In pregnancy, it is considered as the most common bacterial infection with increased risks of maternal and neonatal (perinatal) morbidity and mortality (Foxman 2002). This review highlights the current knowledge on a UTI during pregnancy, focussing on the possible adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, as well as the perspective of introduction of high-throughput DNA sequence-based techniques for urinary testing, in order to explore the role of resident urinary bacterial communities in health and disease.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Urination
- Urine
- Pelvic Floor
- Ureter
- Pelvis
- Urethra
- Gross Anatomy
- Kidney
- Vesical Veins