Physical activity, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis
Roy J. Shephard in Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera, 2017
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increased growth of both glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells, with the formation of distinct nodules. As the nodules become larger, they impinge on the urethra, increasing resistance to emptying of the bladder, and the condition is no longer benign due to an augmented risk of urinary and prostate infections. Hyperplasia of the prostate can begin at an age as early as 30 years; 50% of men show some prostatic enlargement by the age of 50 years, and 75% by the age of 80 years.[1] About a half of those affected note significant urinary problems and a quarter require surgical treatment. Because of inflammation and/or an increase in size of the prostate, serum levels of prostate specific antigen may rise, but not to the levels considered diagnostic of prostatic cancer.
A DCE-MRI-Based Noninvasive CAD System for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
Ayman El-Baz, Gyan Pareek, Jasjit S. Suri in Prostate Cancer Imaging, 2018
The function of the prostate can be affected by various types of medical complications. The three most common prostate problems are the prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate enlargement), and prostate cancer. Prostatitis is microscopic inflammation (swelling) of the tissue of the prostate gland, which affects mostly young and middle-aged men [6]. This inflammatory disease is usually caused by bacteria and is categorized into four groups based on the chronicity of symptoms [7]: Type I—acute bacterial prostatitis, Type II—chronic bacterial prostatitis, Type III—chronic abacterial prostatitis (chronic pelvic pain syndrome), and Type IV—asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Type I is less likely to occur; however, it is potentially life-threatening. Type II is also relatively uncommon and occurs when bacteria find a spot on the prostate where they can survive. On the other hand, Type III is the most common and can be found in men of any age; nevertheless, it is the least understood form of prostatitis [8]. The incidence of Type IV is unknown; diagnosis is made after a biopsy and is usually correlated with the higher PSA values [9]. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, the second medical complication that affects the prostate, is caused by noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland and is associated with aging. This condition can cause men to have some troubles, such as a frequent need to urinate and difficulty to start urination or to fully empty the bladder [10].
Obstructive uropathy
Alexander Trevatt, Richard Boulton, Daren Francis, Nishanthan Mahesan in Take Charge! General Surgery and Urology, 2020
Obstructive uropathy (urinary tract obstruction) is when urine cannot flow freely within the urinary tract. It may be structural or functional in nature and lead to renal impairment. It can be caused by a lesion at any level in the urinary tract. Urinary tract obstruction occurs most commonly in the young and old. In children (usually boys), it is due to anatomic abnormalities including posterior urethral valves or stenosis at the pelviureteric junction (PUJ). In young adults, it is most commonly due to calculi. In older men, it is most commonly due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In women, urinary tract obstruction tends to be caused by pelvic tumours, pregnancy or prolapse of pelvic structures.
Reduced sleep duration increases the risk of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in middle-aged and elderly males: a national cross-sectional study
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Yang Xiong, Yangchang Zhang, Fuxun Zhang, Changjing Wu, Feng Qin, Jiuhong Yuan
In CHARLS, male participants were further interviewed that “Have you ever been diagnosed with a prostate illness, such as prostate hyperplasia (excluding prostatic cancer)?” The symptoms of BPH were interpreted to the participants as follows: “The main symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia are difficulty in urination. For mild cases, patients get up at night for urinating more frequently than their healthy counterparts. Moreover, mild cases also have increased frequency and urgency of voiding. In severe cases, it is noted that patients have a slow urinary stream, even urine retention, generally accompanied by backache, limb weakness, spermatorrhea, etc.” If positive, the respondents were noted as LUTS/BPH cases. The same approaches were also used in previous studies [1,6,15].
Neuro-urological sequelae of lumbar spinal stenosis
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2018
Jason Gandhi, Janki Shah, Gargi Joshi, Sohrab Vatsia, Andrew DiMatteo, Gunjan Joshi, Noel L. Smith, Sardar Ali Khan
About 50% of the patients who seek treatment for intractable leg pain or NC due to LSS also report LUTS symptoms including incomplete bladder emptying, urinary hesitancy, incontinence, nocturia or urinary tract infections [14]. However, these symptoms can be overlooked or may be attributed to conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia [15]. Nevertheless, it is crucial to note that acute central LSS, usually due to a prolapsed disc, may present concomitantly with a neurological emergency known as cauda equina syndrome, which is very commonly associated with sphincter dysfunction, painless incontinence, impaired anal tone, saddle anaesthesia and bilateral sciatica [16]. Bladder dysfunction, such as neurogenic underactive bladder, has frequently been found in patients with LSS and lumbar disc herniation [17]. The pathophysiology of bladder function and micturition is complicated, especially in patients who have various disorders of the lumbar spine. Aside from LSS, urinary incontinence can also occur due to lumbar disc herniation. Neuropathic bladder can result from conditions such as LSS, tethered cord syndrome, disc herniation, trauma, lumbar spondylosis and intraspinal tumours [15]. Sekido et al. developed a rat model of LSS with the insertion of a silicone rubber in the L5–6 epidural space. These rats demonstrated symptoms of underactive bladder or detrusor underactivity, decreased voiding efficiency and increased post-void residual volume (PVR) [18–21]. Bowel and bladder symptoms are indicators of severe LSS with cauda equina compression or lesion – warranting surgical management [22].
Average urinary flow rate and its association with handgrip strength
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Hao-Tse Chiu, Tung-Wei Kao, Tao-Chun Peng, Yuan-Yuei Chen, Wei-Liang Chen
Voiding dysfunction which is generally divided into obstructive symptom or underactive symptom is certainly one of the problems of high prevalence bothering the elderly in the aging society. In a large U.S. cohort study showed men with low urinary tract symptom (LUTS) had a worse health status [1]. In the perspective of histology, men aged over 80-year-old almost develop benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, but the degree of urinary symptom caused by the BPH is highly variable. In addition to BPH, another common etiology of voiding symptom is an impaired bladder contractility and even an acontractile bladder [2]. According to the statistics, approximately one-third of the patients’ diagnosis of BPH still had the urinary problem even after BPH surgery. It was suggested that the cause of voiding symptom is multifactorial, especially underactive bladder (UAB) played the important rule in urinary dysfunction.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bladder Stone
- Kidney Failure
- Obesity
- Pseudoephedrine
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Urinary Incontinence
- Urinary Retention
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Erectile Dysfunction
- Prostate